The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome or syndrome X is the name given to the collection of clinical conditions including overweight, high blood pressure, high blood glucose (or type 2 diabetes mellitus), and hyperlipidemia (Chen et al., 2017).Metabolic syndrome is the most important risk factor for atherosclerosis in response to chronic inflammation and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are the main reasons for mortality around the world . The metabolic syndrome is rising due to a sedentary lifestyle. Children, adolescents, and young women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at risk for metabolic syndrome (Vassallo et al., 2016).Medicine herbs, because of their potential efficacy in improving and holding human health, low cost, and adverse effects, have been the focus of attention. Studies have been shown that several plants and their active constituents can exert beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome. For example, grapes (Vitis vinifera), a source of polyphenol antioxidants, is useful for preventing the risk factors involved in metabolic syndromes such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (Akaberi & Hosseinzadeh, 2016). Garlic (Allium sativum) has been documented in the treatment of metabolic syndrome as it showed hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and hypolipidemic activities (Hosseini & Hosseinzadeh, 2015). Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a source of phenolic phytochemicals having considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and hypotensive effects (Hassani et al., 2016).

Nutraceuticals and the Network of Obesity Modulators

“…Panax ginseng has been shown to contain the Ginsenoside Rg1, which is able to promote browning, by inducing UCP1 expression and by modulating the transcription factor PRDM16 and PGC1α [ 25 , 26 ]. However, this modulation depends on Irisin, an adipomyokine, which promotes WAT browning, acting both in adipose and muscle tissue [ 27 , 28 ].…”

A network pharmacology approach to explore the potential role of Panax ginseng on exercise performance

“…Rather than extracting individual compounds to produce exercise supplements, such as caffeine [ 22 , 23 ], capsaicin [ 24 , 25 ], and taurine [ 26 ], ginseng is extracted and utilized as a whole. As it contains various active compounds (ginsenosides), it delivers multiple benefits such as antioxidant [ 27 ], anti-obesity [ 28 ], and anti-fatigue [ 29 ], unlike the exercise supplements that exhibit only a single effect [ 30 ]. Recently, various studies have been conducted on the effects of exercise and complex intake on angiogenesis [ 31 , 32 ], immune response [ 33 ], antioxidant [ 34 ], and anti-fatigue [ 35 ].…”

Herbal medicines in the treatment of tinnitus: An updated review

“…Korean red ginseng (Araliaceae; Panax ginseng C.A.Mey) has been used in folklore medicine for 2000 years and is currently being investigated for a variety of conditions including metabolic syndrome ( Aminifard et al, 2021 ), inflammatory bowel disease ( Kang et al, 2021 ) and diabetes ( Liu et al, 2021 ). Studies have shown that Korean red ginseng has otoprotective activities including alleviation of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in vitro and in vivo ( Im et al, 2010 ), attenuation of noise-induced hearing loss ( Mungan Durankaya et al, 2021 ) and amelioration of cochlear damage ( Tian et al, 2013 ) and vestibular dysfunction ( Tian et al, 2014 ).…”