The effects of gymnastics training on bone mineral density

Nichols, David; Sanborn, Charlotte F.; Bonnick, Sydney Lou; Ben‐Ezra, Vic; Gench, Barbara; DiMarco, Nancy M.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199410000-00007

Cited by 93 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…This may indicate that bone formation was more active in gymnasts than controls and is supported by the similar increase (11%) observed in osteocalcin for gymnasts in the present study compared with college gymnasts (12% increase) during 27 weeks of intensive training. (7) Such changes in osteocalcin, Pyr/Cr, and Dpyr/Cr in gymnasts may provide insight as to increases in Troch, FN, LS, and TB BMD (Table 2) in gymnasts compared with controls as well as direction for future research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…(2,3) It is uncertain why gymnasts have higher BMD, especially given reports of more restrictive eating patterns (1,(7)(8)(9) and menstrual cycle irregularities (1,2) in gymnasts compared with controls. It has been hypothesized that the osteogenic effects of gymnastics may result from the unique and high mechanical loads this activity presents to the skeleton.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Nickols‐Richardson

O’Connor

Shapses

et al. 1999

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Nickols‐Richardson

O’Connor

Shapses

et al. 1999

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…It is noteworthy, however, that other prospective studies, similar to the present study in both the length of the follow-up and the absence of training volume changes during assessment, have observed changes in bone mineral density. These include increases in bone mineral density among gymnasts (Nichols et al, 1994) and decreases in bone mineral density among basketball players (Klesges et al, 1996). Finally, the bone sites assessed in this study (total body, arms and legs) capture both cortical and trabecular bone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Bone mineral density in triathletes over a competitive season

McClanahan¹,

Ward²,

Vukadinovich³

et al. 2002

Journal of Sports Sciences

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There is evidence from previous cross-sectional studies that high volumes of certain sports, including running, swimming and cycling, may have a negative impact on bone mineral density. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prospectively the effects of high athletic training in individuals who engage in high volumes of all three of these activities (triathletes). Bone mineral density for the total body, arms and legs was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 21 competitive triathletes (9 men, 12 women) at the beginning of the training season and 24 weeks later. Age, body mass index, calcium intake and training volume were also recorded to examine potential mediators of bone mineral density change. Men had greater bone mineral density at all sites than women. No significant changes were observed over the 24 weeks for either total body or leg bone mineral density. Bone mineral density in both arms increased by approximately 2% in men (P < 0.03), but no change was observed for women. Change in bone mineral density at all sites was unrelated to age, body mass index, calcium intake and training volume. The results suggest that adverse changes in bone mineral density do not occur over the course of 6 months of training in competitive triathletes.

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“…(2) There is little doubt that exercise is beneficial to the skeleton. (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) Of different exercise modalities, the high-impact activity seems most osteogenic. (5) Evidence for this is provided by recent prospective follow-up studies of athletes (4,8) and controlled clinical trials of nonathletes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Good Maintenance of High-Impact Activity-Induced Bone Gain by Voluntary, Unsupervised Exercises: An 8-Month Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Heinonen

Kannus

Sievänen

et al. 1999

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether premenopausal women's voluntary unsupervised aerobic and step training could maintain the skeletal benefits obtained by an 18-month supervised high-impact training, and if so, to what extent. Thirty women of the original 39 study subjects (i.e., persons who completed the preceding 18-month randomized training intervention and who volunteered to continue the training on their own for a further 8 months) and 19 women of the 45 original control subjects (i.e., persons who volunteered to continue as controls) were included. The study group trained an average of twice per week and the training consisted of regular aerobic and step classes provided by local fitness centers. Areal bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm 2 ) was measured from the lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter area of the femur, distal femur, patella, proximal tibia, calcaneus, and dominant distal radius at baseline and after 18 and 26 months. During the extended 8-month follow-up, the BMD of the study group increased more at the femoral neck (the intergroup change was +0.9% at 18 months and +2.8% at 26 months, p = 0.004 for the change between 18 and 26 months) and remained at the 18-month level at the distal femur, patella, proximal tibia, and calcaneus. In these sites, the statistically significant changes during the entire 26 months of training were 1.7-4.0% in the training group as compared with the changes of −0.9-1.5% in the control group. In the lumbar spine, BMD decreased from the 18-month level in both groups. In conclusion, the significant BMD increases that were obtained by supervised 18-month high-impact training were effectively maintained with subsequent unsupervised regular aerobic and step classes (twice per week). The finding emphasizes the effectiveness and feasibility of self-controlled aerobic and step exercises in the primary prevention of osteoporosis among healthy premenopausal women. (J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:125-128)

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The effects of gymnastics training on bone mineral density

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Longitudinal Bone Mineral Density Changes in Female Child Artistic Gymnasts

Bone mineral density in triathletes over a competitive season

Good Maintenance of High-Impact Activity-Induced Bone Gain by Voluntary, Unsupervised Exercises: An 8-Month Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

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