The Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Glycemic Regulation

Cortés, Manuel E.; Alfaro, Arístides

doi:10.1179/2050854914y.0000000023

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In OC user women, complications such as venous thromboembolism, stroke and coronary heart disease were frequently reported [27]. OC use is especially dangerous for women with metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia [28]. OC use also showed ambiguous correlations with cancer risk at different sites; increases the risk of overall breast cancer and cervical cancer, while significantly reduces endometrial and ovarian cancer risks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long term use of oral contraceptives comprising synthetic estrogens induces an excessive breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carrier women: a meta-analysis

Peng¹,

Qi²,

Wang³

2022

Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol.

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Background:The relationship between oral contraceptive (OC) use and breast cancer risk is highly debated. Recent publications support a slight increase in overall breast cancer risk among OC user women, in particular among the current users. Women with inherited BRCA1 (Breast cancer type 1) or BRCA2 (Breast cancer type 2) gene mutations are at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers, which is often mistakenly attributed to their elevated endogenous estrogen levels. The aim of presented meta-analysis was to assess the effects of OC use on breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carrier women with minimal bias.Methods: A systematic search strategy was used to identify relevant studies, Stata (version 15) was used for meta-analysis. Results: Individual datasets from 13 studies totaling 20,202 patients were analyzed. The combined results showed no significant increase in risk of breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers who had ever used oral contraceptive (HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.71-1.69 among BRCA1 mutation carriers and HR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.73-1.95 among BRCA2 mutation carriers, respectively). However, in correlation with long-term (>5 years) OC users, the breast cancer risk was significantly increased in both BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.19-1.60) and BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.25-1.96). Conclusion: The presented results indicate that in BRCA mutation carriers women who have defective liganded activation of estrogen receptors (ERs), the use of synthetic estrogens means an additive factor for ER deregulation further increasing the risk for breast cancer. Long term OC use in BRCA mutation carriers results in a significantly increased risk for breast cancer by exhausting the compensatory genome defending process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long term use of oral contraceptives comprising synthetic estrogens induces an excessive breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carrier women: a meta-analysis

Peng¹,

Qi²,

Wang³

2022

Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol.

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“…Moreover, the reduction in insulin receptor binding occurs in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle implicates the hormone progesterone as a modulating factor in insulin receptor binding in adipose tissue. The reduction in insulin sensitivity is also attributed to raised progesterone as seen with the COCP (Berenson, Berg, Williams, & Rahman, 2011; Cortés & Alfaro, 2014). The present study corroborates with it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Glucose Levels at Two Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle: A Study on a Group of Bengali-speaking Hindu Ethnic Populations of West Bengal, India

Dey

Dasgupta²,

Roy

2019

The Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal

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Aim: We aimed to find out the blood sugar levels at two different phases of menstrual cycle and the factors associated with the change in blood sugar level at these different phases. Material and methods: A total of 60 Bengali-speaking Hindu participants, who were married, aged between 30 and 45 years, have regular menstruation, and not diagnosed as diabetic, were selected for this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, menstrual, reproductive, and lifestyle variables. Height (cm), weight (kg), and blood glucose level (mg/dl) were measured at two intervals of time: (a) during menstrual phase (between the 1st and 4th day) and (b) during luteal phase (between 19th and 22nd day of the cycle) following standard protocol. Bivariate analyses showed that majority of participants have increased blood glucose level at luteal phase as compared to their menstrual phase. Results: Results reveal that although BMI did not differ significantly between menstrual and luteal phases, there was a positive correlation between changed BMI value and changed blood glucose level measured during menstrual and luteal phases. Multivariate analysis revealed that blood glucose level increased with the increase in BMI level between two phases of menstrual cycle.

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“…NMA evidence showed that BMI was not improved by any intervention, whereas total cholesterol levels increased with the use of OCP or pioglitazone compared with placebo and HDL levels increased with the use of spironolactone. Previous systematic reviews with meta-analysis of observational studies have shown that OCPs cause increases in total cholesterol, HDL, and triglyceride level among women with PCOS syndrome [ 45 , 47 ]. The clinical implications of the increased lipids level on cardiovascular events need long-term studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Treatments for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Management in Adolescents

Khalifah

Flórez

Zoratti

et al. 2020

Journal of the Endocrine Society

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Limited evidence on treatment options for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has led to considerable variation in healthcare practices. We aimed to compare the effects of metformin and/or oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) in combination with pioglitazone, spironolactone, flutamide, and lifestyle interventions among adolescents aged 11-19 years with PCOS. Literature searches were performed in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from database inception through December 2018, with no language restriction. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, assessed full text eligibility, and extracted information from eligible trials. Evidence was synthesized through network meta-analyses (NMA) using Bayesian random-effects approach. We identified 37 RCTs, in which 2400 patients were randomized. NMA showed no statistically important difference among all interventions to improve menstrual regulation, or body mass index. Moderate quality evidence showed hirsutism scores were reduced by multiple interventions that included single and combination medications namely; lifestyle intervention, metformin, OCP, spironolactone, pioglitazone, metformin-OCP, metformin-spironolactone, metformin-flutamide, against placebo. Moderate quality evidence showed OCP results in more dysglycaemia compared to metformin (odds ratio 2.98; 95%credible interval 1.02, 8.96), no intervention resulted in dysglycaemia reduction. In conclusion, metformin and OCP as monotherapy or in combination with other interventions compared to placebo can reduce hirsutism scores, but none of these medications lead to effective menstrual cycle regulation or weight reduction. However, the use of OCP leads to worse cardiometabolic risk factors. Further research into new treatment options is urgently needed.

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The Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Glycemic Regulation

Cited by 26 publications

References 37 publications

Long term use of oral contraceptives comprising synthetic estrogens induces an excessive breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carrier women: a meta-analysis

Long term use of oral contraceptives comprising synthetic estrogens induces an excessive breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carrier women: a meta-analysis

Blood Glucose Levels at Two Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle: A Study on a Group of Bengali-speaking Hindu Ethnic Populations of West Bengal, India

Efficacy of Treatments for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Management in Adolescents

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