The effects of host age and superparasitism by the parasitoid, Microplitis rufiventris on the cellular and humoral immune response of Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Hegazi, E. M.; Khafagi, W. E.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2008.02.009

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Dissections of larvae showed that the successful encapsulation rate variation measured on adult flies was indeed partly explained by the occurrence of superparasitism. Superparasitized larvae often failed to encapsulate all parasitoids whereas monoparasitized larvae succeeded more frequently, a result that is consistent with earlier studies on other host-parasitoid systems [45], [46]. For instance, in Spodoptera littoralis exposed to superparasitism by Microplitis rufiventris , a decrease in both cellular (encapsulation) and humoral response efficiencies was demonstrated [45].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Influence of the Virus LbFV and of Wolbachia in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction

et al. 2012

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Symbionts are widespread and might have a substantial effect on the outcome of interactions between species, such as in host-parasitoid systems. Here, we studied the effects of symbionts on the outcome of host-parasitoid interactions in a four-partner system, consisting of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi, its two hosts Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, the wasp virus LbFV, and the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. The virus is known to manipulate the superparasitism behavior of the parasitoid whereas some Wolbachia strains can reproductively manipulate and/or confer pathogen protection to Drosophila hosts. We used two nuclear backgrounds for both Drosophila species, infected with or cured of their respective Wolbachia strains, and offered them to L. boulardi of one nuclear background, either infected or uninfected by the virus. The main defence mechanism against parasitoids, i.e. encapsulation, and other important traits of the interaction were measured. The results showed that virus-infected parasitoids are less frequently encapsulated than uninfected ones. Further experiments showed that this viral effect involved both a direct protective effect against encapsulation and an indirect effect of superparasitism. Additionally, the Wolbachia strain wAu affected the encapsulation ability of its Drosophila host but the direction of this effect was strongly dependent on the presence/absence of LbFV. Our results confirmed the importance of heritable symbionts in the outcome of antagonistic interactions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Influence of the Virus LbFV and of Wolbachia in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction

et al. 2012

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“…The dispersal habit of the larger hosts makes them more difÞcult to Þnd by wasp females than smaller females, which tend to aggregate easier to be parasitized. Also, larger hosts have the physiological capacity to kill the parasitoid larvae (Hegazi and Khafagi 2008). Further investigation is required to verify the rate of egg maturation and eventually egg resorption in different life stages of M. rufiventris females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Host Size and Feeding Status Influence the Egg Load of Microplitis rufiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)?

Khafagi

Hegazi

Andersson

et al. 2011

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of host instar and feeding status on the egg load of early life stage in Microplitis rufiventris Kokujev (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid of some noctuid pests. The wasps that developed from fourth or fifth instars of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae were heavier in weight than those from earlier stages. Different numbers of mature eggs were found in the two ovaries of the female wasp. Egg loads, corresponding to fitness, were significantly influenced by female weight and feeding status. However, the interactions between the two treatment factors were not significant. The average number of mature eggs carried by females at eclosion time ranged from 52 eggs in smaller wasps to 62 eggs in larger wasps. Females that were fed had higher egg loads and egg maturation rate than unfed females. However, female wasps were capable of maturing considerable number of eggs without feeding; suggesting that they produce a certain portion of eggs from nutritional reserves that had been stored during larval stage. Female wasps are weakly synovigenic, with an egg maturation at a rate of ≈1.8 eggs per h. Further investigation is required to verify the rate of egg maturation and eventually egg resorption in different stages of adult female M. rufiventris.

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“…This may be due to facilitation, which occurs when infection with one pathogen or parasitoid increases the vulnerability of the host to another pathogen or parasitoid. Competition for host resources due to co-infection may reduce the host immune response [41,42] and parasitoids are known to suppress the immune response of a host, which has been shown to facilitate infection by pathogens, including viruses [43,44]. Thus, C. melanoscela may facilitate LdMNPV by dampening the immune response of the host with the aid of a polydnavirus (though see [45]).…”

Section: Discussion (A) Co-infection Of Gypsy Moth Larvae By Multiplementioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal diseases and parasitoids: from competition to facilitation in a shared host

Hajek

Nouhuys

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Diverse parasite taxa share hosts both at the population level and within individual hosts, and their interactions, ranging from competitive exclusion to facilitation, can drive community structure and dynamics. Emergent pathogens have the potential to greatly alter community interactions. We found that an emergent fungal entomopathogen dominated pre-existing lethal parasites in populations of the forest defoliating gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. The parasite community was composed of the fungus and four parasitoid species that only develop successfully after they kill the host, and a virus that produces viable propagules before the host has died. A low-density site was sampled over 17 years and compared with 66 sites across a range of host densities, including outbreaks. The emergent fungal pathogen and competing parasitoids rarely co-infected host individuals because each taxa must kill its host. The virus was not present at low host densities, but successfully co-infected with all other parasite species. In fact, there was facilitation between the virus and one parasitoid species hosting a polydnavirus. This newly formed parasite community, altered by an emergent pathogen, is shaped both by parasite response to host density and relative abilities of parasites to co-inhabit the same host individuals.

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The effects of host age and superparasitism by the parasitoid, Microplitis rufiventris on the cellular and humoral immune response of Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Influence of the Virus LbFV and of Wolbachia in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction

Influence of the Virus LbFV and of Wolbachia in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction

Does Host Size and Feeding Status Influence the Egg Load of Microplitis rufiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)?

Fatal diseases and parasitoids: from competition to facilitation in a shared host

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