The Effects ofCordyceps sinensis(Berk.) Sacc. andGymnema inodorum(Lour.) Decne. Extracts on Adipogenesis and Lipase ActivityIn Vitro

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cordyceps sinensis extract (CSE) and Gymnema inodorum extract (GIE), used alone and combined, on antiadipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining was used to examine the effects of these extracts on inhibition of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and on lipid droplet morphology. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to examine biomolecular changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The pancreatic lipase assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of CSE and GIE on pancreatic lipase activity. Taken together, the results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination suppressed lipid accumulation. The FTIR microspectroscopy results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination had inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in the adipocytes. Compared with the untreated adipocytes, the signal intensity and integrated areas of glycogen and other carbohydrates, the acyl chain of phospholipids, and the lipid/protein ratios of the CSE, GIE, alone, and combined treated adipocytes were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Combination treatment resulted in a synergistic effect on lipid accumulation reduction in the adipocytes. Principal component analysis of the biomolecular changes revealed six distinct clusters in the FTIR spectra of the sample cells. The pancreatic lipase assay results indicated that CSE and GIE inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner (mean ± standard error of the mean IC50 values, 2312.44 ± 176.55 μg mL−1 and 982.24 ± 44.40 μg mL−1, resp.). Our findings indicated that FTIR microspectroscopy has potential application for evaluation of the effectiveness of medicinal plants and for the development of infrared biochemical obesity markers useful for treating patients with obesity. These results suggested that use of CSE and GIE alone and in combination may be efficacious as a complementary therapy for hyperlipidemia and obesity management. However, clinical trials in animals and humans must first be completed.

Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. Extract Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators Produced by RAW264.7 Macrophages

“…The voucher specimens were deposited at the botanical garden of Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) Herbarium and authenticated by Dr. Santi Wattatana, a lecturer and a plant biologist at the Institute of Science, SUT, Thailand. The plant extractions were conducted following the method of Tiamyom et al [14]. Briefly, the dried powder of G. inodorum was soaked in 95% ethanol with a ratio of 1 : 3 (g : mL) at room temperature for 7 days.…”

“…Measurement of Cell Proliferation by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyl-Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay. The effect of GIE on cell viability was evaluated by using a tetrazolium dye colorimetric assay as described by Tiamyom et al [14] and Dunkhunthod et al [24]. Briefly, RAW264.7 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate (2 × 10 4 cells/well) and cultured for 24 h. Cells were treated with different concentrations of GIE for 24 h. Following treatment, the culture medium was removed, the MTT solution (0.5 mg/mL) (Cat.…”

“…Unsupervised explorative multivariate data analysis by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted using variables within a spectral range of 3,000-2,800 cm -1 and 1,800-950 cm -1 . Data manipulations were processed following the method of Tiamyom et al [14] with slight modification. Briefly, the data were preprocessed by taking the second derivative using the Savitzky-Golay algorithm (with 15 points of smoothing), followed by normalization with extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC) (Unscram-bler® X software version 10.5, CAMO Software AS, Oslo, Norway).…”

“…It has been known to have therapeutic effects in curing certain diseases, including diabetes mellitus, rheumatic arthritis, and gout. The literature survey reported that the leaves of G. inodorum had many phytochemical compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycoside [13,14]. Moreover, its antioxidant, antiadipogenesis, antidiabetic, and hypoglycemic effects were also reported [14][15][16].…”

Evaluation of Antimalarial Potential of Aqueous Crude Gymnema Inodorum Leaf Extract against Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice

“…Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne (Thai name: Phak Chiang Da), belonging to the same group as G. sylvestre , is found mostly in South-Eastern Asia, including Thailand, especially in the Northern and Eastern parts of the country [ 10 ]. G. inodorum extract has been shown to have an ability to inhibit glucose absorption as well as potent antioxidant activity with polyphenols, flavonoids, and gymnemic acids as the major compounds [ 11 , 12 ].…”