“…The purpose of each system leads to a gap between the pre-tax income and the taxable income (book-tax differences). This difference is used as a proxy for earnings management (Joos et al, 2000;Mills & Newberry, 2001;Donohoe & McGill, 2010;Comprix et al, 2011, Hanlon, 2005Blaylock et al, 2012) or tax planning (Wilson, 2009). Some studies attribute the book-tax differences to both earnings and tax management (Tang & Firth, 2011;Tang & Firth, 2012;Chen et al, 2012).…”