The Effects of Interpersonal Attitude of a Group of Agents on User’s Presence and Proxemics Behavior

Abstract

In the everyday world people form small conversing groups where social interaction takes place, and much of the social behavior takes place through managing interpersonal space (i.e., proxemics) and group formation, signaling their attentio to others (i.e., through gaze behavior), and expressing certain attitudes, for example, friendliness, by smiling, getting close through increased engagement and intimacy, and welcoming newcomers. Many real-time interactive systems feature virtual anthropomorphic characters in order to simulate conversing groups and add plausibility and believability to the simulated environments. However, only a few have dealt with autonomous behavior generation, and in those cases, the agents’ exhibited behavior should be evaluated by users in terms of appropriateness, believability, and conveyed meaning (e.g., attitudes). In this article we present an integrated intelligent interactive system for generating believable nonverbal behavior exhibited by virtual agents in small simulated group conversations. The produced behavior supports group formation management and the expression of interpersonal attitudes (friendly vs. unfriendly) both among the agents in the group (i.e., in-group attitude) and towards an approaching user in an avatar-based interaction (out-group attitude). A user study investigating the effects of these attitudes on users’ social presence evaluation and proxemics behavior (with their avatar) in a three-dimensional virtual city environment is presented. We divided the study into two trials according to the task assigned to users, that is, joining a conversing group and reaching a target destination behind the group. Results showed that the out-group attitude had a major impact on social presence evaluations in both trials, whereby friendly groups were perceived as more socially rich. The user’s proxemics behavior depended on both out-group and in-group attitudes expressed by the agents. Implications of these results for the design and implementation of similar intelligent interactive systems for the autonomous generation of agents’ multimodal behavior are briefly discussed.

Inferring a User's Intent on Joining or Passing by Social Groups

“…Furthermore, an adequate welcome for new group members is required, e.g., a head node [11], mutual gaze, smiling, and adapted proxemics [10]. Especially if users are supposed to interact more often with the group members, a friendly and open group is preferred [9] as users feel more included [10]. Volonte et al furthermore found that VAs with a positive attitude can be used to foster simulated social dialogues as users are more encouraged to engage in a social interaction [39].…”

“…Volonte et al furthermore found that VAs with a positive attitude can be used to foster simulated social dialogues as users are more encouraged to engage in a social interaction [39]. Based on Cafaro et al, the out-group behavior, defined as the non-verbal behavior towards the user as an outstander who is about to join the group, has a great influence and should be modeled with care [9].…”

“…Besides the previously mentioned works, different applications are available focusing on user-agent, user-group or agent-group encounters. In early applications, users can join a group simply by approaching it to a certain interpersonal distance [9,33]. However, no direct feedback is provided by the VAs, that the user has transitioned from an outstander to a group member.…”

“…Stops. In a related context, Cafaro et al introduce the stop-distance for stationary conditions [9]. It describes that, besides approaching potential interactants to a given distance, stopping is required to transition from an approaching phase to a direct interaction.…”

Influence of virtual agent politeness behaviors on how users join small conversational groups

“…Social behaviors and norms, such as politeness, and interpersonal attitudes such as friendliness, have been studied in previous research works involving virtual agents. Cafaro et al [4] studied the effect of in-group and out-group friendliness of a group of agents on user's presence and proxemics behavior while joining or passing a group. Linssen et al [13] investigated how stances corresponds to certain politeness strategies.…”