The effects of interpolated reinforcement on resistance to extinction in children diagnosed with autism: a preliminary investigation

Higbee, Thomas S.; Carr, James E.; Patel, Meeta R.

doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(01)00092-0

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the domain of appetitive conditioning, a partially reinforced response is known to extinguish less rapidly than a continuously reinforced response when the source of reinforcement is discontinued in extinction (Catania, 2013); an outcome referred to as the partial reinforcement extinction effect (Nevin, 1988). Appetitive approaches to behavior change therefore incorporate partial reinforcement to facilitate subsequent resistance to extinction (e.g., Higbee, Carr, & Patel, 2000;Kazdin & Polster, 1973;Lerman & Iwata, 1996). In non-appetitive domains, such as avoidance learning, partial reinforcement involves manipulating the effectiveness of the operant response at preventing the US .…”

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confidence: 99%

Partial reinforcement of avoidance and resistance to extinction in humans

Xia

Dymond

Lloyd

et al. 2017

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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In anxiety, maladaptive avoidance behavior provides for near-perfect controllability of potential threat. There has been little laboratory-based treatment research conducted on controllability as a contributing factor in the transition from adaptive to maladaptive avoidance. Here, we investigated for the first time whether partial reinforcement rate, or the reliability of avoidance at controlling or preventing contact with an aversive event, influences subsequent extinction of avoidance in humans. Five groups of participants were exposed to different partial reinforcement rates where avoidance cancelled upcoming shock on 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% or 0% of trials. During extinction, all shocks were withheld. Avoidance behavior, online shock expectancy ratings and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were measured throughout. We found that avoidance was a function of relative controllability: higher reinforcement rate groups engaged in significantly more extinction-resistant avoidance than lower reinforcement groups, and shock expectancy was inversely related with reinforcement rate during avoidance acquisition. Partial reinforcement effects were not evident in SCRs. Overall, the current study highlights the clinical relevance of laboratory-based treatment research on partial reinforcement or controllability effects on extinction of avoidance.

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confidence: 99%

Partial reinforcement of avoidance and resistance to extinction in humans

Xia

Dymond

Lloyd

et al. 2017

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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“…For example, if a resident in a long-term care facility is exhibiting disruptive vocalization that is being maintained on a thin FR schedule, staff might opt to increase the richness of the reinforcement schedule prior to implementing an extinction intervention. This sort of manipulation has been used repeatedly within the animal (Moreland, Stalling, & Walker, 1983;Stalling, Moreland, Merrill, & Scotti, 1981) and human operant literature (Higbee, Carr, & Patel, 2002;Schmid, 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

Operant Conditioning in Older Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease

Spira

Edelstein

2007

Psychol Rec

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Behavioral interventions based on operant principles are commonly attempted to manage agitation in older adults with dementia. The extent to which operant conditioning can occur in persons with particular dementias, however, is unclear. The present study involved use of a button-pressing task to evaluate the sensitivity of the responding of older individuals with and without probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) to changes in schedules of reinforcement. It was expected that participants with AD would acquire the experimental task and that they would demonstrate less sensitivity to changes in schedules of reinforcement than participants without AD. Results indicated that operant conditioning can occur in older adults with AD and that they can respond to different schedules of reinforcement. The responding of 3 participants with AD was highly sensitive to a transition from a fixed interval schedule to an extinction schedule. Two participants with AD demonstrated responding that was sensitive to a more subtle transition. Participants with AD failed to show spontaneous recovery of responding after a delay. The performances of participants with and without AD are compared, and implications of findings for behavioral interventions in AD are discussed.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting approximately 4 million Americans (Alzheimer's Association, 2002). Approximately 10% of adults older than 65 years and almost half of those over 85 years have the disease (Alzheimer's Association). The organic pathology that underlies AD can produce a variety of maladaptive behaviors, including aggression, screaming, and wandering, typically referred to as agitation (Cohen-Mansfield and Billig, 1986). Agitation

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“…The authors found that one of the participants experienced a briefer extinction phase following interpolated (continuous) reinforcement, although the effect might have been a result of higher response rates during intermittent reinforcement. More recently, Higbee, Carr, and Patel () used a translational preparation with a nonclinical (arbitrary) target behavior to evaluate the IRP with four children with autism. The authors demonstrated fewer sessions of extinction and fewer responses during extinction in three of four participants following interpolated reinforcement.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Translational Evaluation of the Interpolated Reinforcement Procedure With Young Children

Carr

Miguel

Sidener

2012

Behavioral Interventions

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The interpolated reinforcement procedure (IRP) involves the deliberate continuous reinforcement of a previously intermittently reinforced behavior prior to implementing extinction. Basic research on the IRP has produced equivocal findings, and applied research has suffered from methodological limitations. The present study was an evaluation of the IRP with typically developing young children and a nonclinical target behavior. The IRP was demonstrated in only two of five participants. The results are discussed in the context of the IRP's clinical utility given the unreliability of the finding.

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The effects of interpolated reinforcement on resistance to extinction in children diagnosed with autism: a preliminary investigation

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Partial reinforcement of avoidance and resistance to extinction in humans

Partial reinforcement of avoidance and resistance to extinction in humans

Operant Conditioning in Older Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease

A Translational Evaluation of the Interpolated Reinforcement Procedure With Young Children

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