The effects of ketamine and thiopental used alone or in combination on the brain, heart, and bronchial tissues of rats

Abstract

IntroductionWe compared the side effects of ketamine and thiopental used alone and of a ketamine/thiopental combination dose on the brain,heart, and bronchial tissues of rats.Material and methodsThree groups received intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg/kg ketamine (K-30); 15 mg/kg thiopental (T-15); or of both in combination (KTSA). These doses were doubled in another set of study groups (K-60, T-30, and KTA groups, respectively). Optimal anesthesia duration was examined in all groups.ResultsAnesthesia did not occur with 30 mg/kg ketamine or 15 mg/kg thiopental. However, when used alone ketamine and thiopental led to oxidative stress in the striatum, heart, and bronchial tissues. Conversely, combined administration of anesthetics and subanesthetic doses were found not to create oxidative stress in any of these areas. The highest level of adrenaline in blood samples collected from the tail veins was measured in the KTA-60, and the lowest amount in the T-30. Creatine kinase activity was highest in the KTA-60 group (p < 0.001). When we compared for all 5 groups to untreated control group; the creatine kinase-MB activities were significiantly different in K-30, T-15 and T-30 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe studied doses of ketamine led to oxidative stress by increasing the amount of adrenaline. Thiopental increased oxidative stress with decreases in adrenaline. A longer anesthetic effect with minimal adverse events may be achieved by ketamine and thiopental in combination.

Effect of Rourea coccinea on ethanol‐induced male infertility in Wistar albino rats

“…At the end of the treatment, the rats were deprived of food all night. Then, they were weighed and sacrificed after anaesthesia to the thiopental (30 mg/kg) for the collection of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland (Ahiskalioglu et al., 2018). These reproductive organs were cleaned of adherent tissue, weighed and rinsed with physiological water.…”

Concomitant inhibition of hedgehog signalling and activation of retinoid receptors abolishes bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis

“…51 Thiopental was purchased from EIPICO. It was used for anaesthesia in a dose of 30 mg/kg × bw ip, 52 before BLM instillation. ATRA was purchased from Thermo Fisher.…”

Oxidative stress under general intravenous and inhalation anaesthesia

“…In rats with spinal cord contusion injury it showed beneficial effects, because spinal cord MDA was significantly lower than in control rats not treated with thiopental ( 25 ). In another study ( 44 ), in contrast, rats showed higher MDA and lower GSH, GPx, and GSHR levels in brain, heart, and bronchial tissues. In dogs with surgical trauma thiopental significantly increased plasma TOS, while TAS remained unchanged, which resulted with increased OSI ( 31 ).…”

“…In fact, ketamine anaesthesia resulted in significantly lower kidney and liver tissue MDA than propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl ( 28 , 48 ). In another study ( 44 ), the authors attributed significantly higher MDA and lower GSHR and GPx levels to ketamine-triggered boost of adrenaline, which is known to induce oxidative stress ( 49 ). In mice, ketamine also turned out to mitigate (secondary) brain injury which occurs when ROS production overwhelms the antioxidant system ( 50 ).…”