The effects of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infections on the stress response and immunological status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Fast, Mark D.; Muise, Denise M.; Easy, R.E.; Ross, Neil W.; Johnson, Stewart C.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2005.11.010

Cited by 122 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…Innate resistance to the salmon louse varies among the various species of salmon and trout (Jones 2001;Johnson and Albright 1992;Fast et al 2003Fast et al , 2006. Laboratory studies show that the heaviest infestations and greatest impacts are observed on sea trout (S. trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) followed by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), chinook (O. tshawytscha), and coho salmon (O. kisutch; Dawson et al 1997;Johnson and Albright 1992;Fast et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EST and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Support a Distinct Pacific Form of Salmon Louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis

et al. 2008

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EST and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Support a Distinct Pacific Form of Salmon Louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis

et al. 2008

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“…Subsequent work confirmed the presence of PGE 2 in dopamineelicited L. salmonis secretory/excretory products (daSEP) [50] however the increase in plasma of infected salmon was not statistically significant [31]. Unfractionated daSEP was shown to up-regulate major histocompatibility (MH) class I gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Atlantic salmon head kidney leucocytes, but had no effect on the expression of IL-1β or COX-2 gene expression in these cells [51].…”

Section: Immunomodulationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Although perturbation in the expression of several genes was observed and indicated the onset of systemic inflammation, conflicting observations from the intact kidney and cultured cells in addition to the absence of expression data from the skin failed to suggest possible response mechanisms. In a subsequent trial, the expression of IL-1β, TNFα, COX-2, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), MH-I and MH-II was increased in head kidney of Atlantic salmon following two exposures to L. salmonis, 14 days apart [31]. In a comparative study, a more rapid and elevated expression of IL-8 was observed in skin and head kidney of pink but not chum salmon seven days after exposure to L. salmonis copepodids [15].…”

Section: Defence Mechanisms Against Salmon Licementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are limited data demonstrating increased susceptibility of salmonids to secondary infection as a result of a primary salmon louse infection, the intensity of infection with Loma salmonae, a microsporidian parasite of the gills, was elevated in rainbow trout following a previous exposure to L. salmonis, compared to non-lice-infected controls [41]. The physiological consequences of salmon louse infection are better documented and include a generalised stress response characterised by an increased plasma cortisol titre [15,31,[42][43][44][45][46][47]. In fish, plasma cortisol titres vary inversely with disease resistance by suppressing B lymphocyte function [48].…”

Section: Immunomodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Defence against the Dark Arts: Mechanisms of Resistance among Salmon to the Parasitic Copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Jones¹

2013

J Aquac Res Development

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IntroductionCopepods belonging to the family Caligidae, referred to as sea lice, are ectoparasites of marine fishes. All sea lice share similar life cycles including nauplius stages and an infective copepodid stage that disperse in the plankton while subsisting on endogenous lipids. Once settled onto a suitable host, the copepodid moults through four chalimus stages that are tethered to the host with a frontal filament. Depending on species, the parasite further develops through one or two preadult stages to the adult stage which are untethered and mobile on the host. Much of the damage caused by parasitic copepods is related to attachment to the host ( Figure 1) and feeding behaviour: the parasites graze on host tissues that range from mucus, cells of the epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous tissues. The more invasive feeding behaviours are associated with the larger developmental stages.Species of sea lice parasitic on salmonid fishes are well described pests in marine aquaculture and in the northern hemisphere include Lepeophtheirus salmonis (the salmon louse) and several species of Caligus [1][2][3][4]. Infections with L. salmonis incur annual costs to marine open netpen aquaculture in excess of 700M Euros in Norway, Scotland, Ireland and Canada [5]. In addition, infections with Caligus rogercresseyii are a significant economic burden to salmon aquaculture in Chile [6]. Management of sea lice infections in aquaculture depends on integrated husbandry schemes including chemotherapeutant intervention [7]. However, recent trends indicate a declining efficacy for many compounds used for treatment, suggesting that in several jurisdictions L. salmonis or C. rogercresseyii have developed tolerance or resistance to these compounds. The absence of commercially efficacious vaccines against sea lice reflects a lack of detailed knowledge of immunogenic parasite antigens that elicit protective immunity in salmonids. In addition, defence responses against parasitic copepods in fishes are poorly documented. A more thorough understanding of teleost defense mechanisms against sea lice will provide a rational basis for the development of novel management strategies. The purpose of this paper is to review the current understanding of salmonid defence responses to L. salmonis. AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review the current knowledge of salmonid defence responses to Lepeophtheirus salmonis. The salmon louse L. salmonis is an important pest of economically valuable salmonids in seawater throughout the northern hemisphere. Treatment of salmon lice on cultured salmon often fails in regions where the parasite has developed resistance to commonly used therapeutants. The development of efficacious vaccines is hampered by limited knowledge of parasite antigens that elicit protective immunity and a poor understanding of defence responses mounted by the salmonid host. Infection kinetics indicate a wide range of susceptibilities to L. salmonis among salmon species: juvenile coho and pink salmon are relatively resistant whereas Atl...

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“…Sin embargo, un factor importante a considerar es que los peces tenían alta tasa de infestación, alrededor de 20 Caligus/pez, lo que produce un estrés crónico en los peces que los haría más susceptibles a otras enfermedades. Se ha descrito que el 384 estrés crónico produce un aumento en los niveles de cortisol plasmático los cuales producen un aumento de la mortalidad de peces (Pickering & Pottinger, 1989;Fast et al, 2006). Además del aumento en los niveles de cortisol, también se ha descrito que a medida que aumenta la tasa de infestación se produce un mayor deterioro del epitelio lo que provocaría una falla osmoregulatoria además de permitir la entrada de otros patógenos (Nolan et al, 1999;Bowers et al, 2000).…”

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Caligus rogercresseyi: posible vector en la transmision horizontal del virus de la anemia infecciosa del salmon (ISAv)

Oelckers¹,

Vike²,

Duesund³

et al. 2015

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RESUMEN.Chile el año 2007 se convirtió en el segundo país productor de salmónidos a nivel mundial. Al año siguiente la industria salmonera nacional comenzó a experimentar una severa crisis sanitaria producida por el virus causante de la anemia infecciosa del salmón. Este virus se presentó por primera vez en Noruega (1984), luego en Canadá, Escocia, Islas Faroe, Estados Unidos y Chile (2007). La anemia infecciosa del salmón (ISA), es una enfermedad altamente contagiosa entre los peces, producida por un virus de la familia Orthomyxoviridae. La especie más vulnerable a este virus es el salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar). La plaga parasitaria producida por el piojo de mar, Caligus rogercresseyi, copépodo ectoparásito, ha ido en aumento lo que favorece el contagio de enfermedades bacterianas y virales. De todas las especies cultivadas en Chile, el salmón del Atlántico, S. salar) es una de las especies más susceptibles de ser infestadas por C. rogercresseyi. Durante el 2006, la industria presentó un aumento significativo en las tasas de infestación por Caligus; luego en el 2007, aparecieron brotes del virus ISA. En Noruega, se ha demostrado que el piojo de mar, Lepeophtherius salmonis puede tener un rol como vector en la transmisión del virus ISA, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si C. rogercresseyi es un vector de transmisión del virus ISA en el salmón del Atlántico, cultivado en el sur de Chile. Palabras clave: Caligus rogercresseyi, copépodo ectoparásito, vector, anemia infecciosa del salmón, ISA.

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The effects of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infections on the stress response and immunological status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 122 publications

References 46 publications

EST and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Support a Distinct Pacific Form of Salmon Louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis

EST and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Support a Distinct Pacific Form of Salmon Louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Defence against the Dark Arts: Mechanisms of Resistance among Salmon to the Parasitic Copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Caligus rogercresseyi: posible vector en la transmision horizontal del virus de la anemia infecciosa del salmon (ISAv)

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