The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets vs. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on weight, blood pressure, serum liquids and blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yang, Qing; Lang, Xinyue; Li, Wei; Liang, Yan

doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00927-0

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In contrast, meta-analyses of 23 trials and 1 357 participants showed a significantly positive effect on weight change of a low-carb diet compared with the control diet after 6 months (mean difference: –3.46, 95% CI –5.25 to –1.67, P = 0.001), while the significance disappeared after 12 months [20 ▪▪ ]. Similar results were found in another meta-analysis with 739 participants [21 ▪ ]. A low-carb diet revealed a greater effect on weight loss than a low-fat diet (standardized mean difference = –1.01; 95% CI –1.99 to –0.04, P = 0.04) [21 ▪ ].…”

Section: Carbohydrates and Treatment Of Obesitysupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Similar results were found in another meta-analysis with 739 participants [21 ▪ ]. A low-carb diet revealed a greater effect on weight loss than a low-fat diet (standardized mean difference = –1.01; 95% CI –1.99 to –0.04, P = 0.04) [21 ▪ ]. Summarizing these findings postulate that there is no clear evidence for a low-carb diet to be superior to control diets for weight loss.…”

Section: Carbohydrates and Treatment Of Obesitysupporting

confidence: 60%

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Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management

Bayer¹,

Holzapfel²

2022

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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Purpose of review Carbohydrates are the main contributor to daily energy intake and, thus, might play an essential role in the development and treatment of obesity. This nonsystematic literature overview summarized current knowledge about the association between carbohydrate intake (quantity and quality) and weight management. Recent findings There is scientific evidence for the association between the quality of carbohydrates and body weight or metabolic parameters (e.g. fasting glucose). Thus, dietary intake of high-quality carbohydrates should be preferred over food with a low carbohydrate quality. In contrast, heterogeneous data are available for the association between the amount of carbohydrate intake and anthropometric parameters (e.g. body weight, body fat). Regulation of dietary intake and body weight is complex. For instance, gene-diet interactions might play a role in carbohydrate intake and metabolism. Summary There is evidence for the association between intake of high-quality carbohydrates and body weight. However, for the treatment of obesity, a negative energy balance is crucial. The success in weight loss was independent of the quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake. To sum up, recently published literature does not change the current opinion about carbohydrate intake and obesity.

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Section: Carbohydrates and Treatment Of Obesitysupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Carbohydrates and Treatment Of Obesitysupporting

confidence: 60%

Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management

Bayer¹,

Holzapfel²

2022

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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“…However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis found no significant differences in BP changes between low carbohydrate high fat diets and low-fat high carbohydrate diets. The studies included in this review lasted from several weeks to 1 year ( 58 ). In contrary, significant favorable changes in both systolic and diastolic BP were shown in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance after an average of 2 years observation (IQR 10–32 months) of a low carbohydrate diet ( 59 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Very Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Improves Risk Markers for Cardiometabolic Health More Than Exercise in Men and Women With Overfat Constitution: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

et al. 2022

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PurposeThis randomized controlled parallel-group study examined the effects of a very low-carbohydrate high-fat (VLCHF) diet and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program over 12-weeks on cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with overfat constitution.MethodsNinety-one participants out of 109 completed the study. The participants were randomly allocated to the HIIT (N = 22), VLCHF (N = 25), VLCHF+HIIT (N = 25), or control (N = 19) groups for 12 weeks. Fasting plasma samples were collected before the intervention and after 4 and 12 weeks. The analyzed outcomes included complete blood count, glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL-C and LDL-C), lipoprotein(a), adiponectin (Adpn), leptin (Lep), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), other interleukins (hs-IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10), and IL-1RA. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Adpn/Lep ratio, TG/HDL-C ratio, and TyG index were calculated and analyzed. Blood pressure was measured before the intervention, after 4, 8, and 12 weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03934476).ResultsAbsolute changes in HOMA-IR, Adpn/Lep ratio, LDL-C, and diastolic blood pressure after 12 weeks differed by study groups (p < 0.05). The most pronounced changes were revealed in the VLCHF (ΔM [95% CI]; HOMA-IR: −0.75 [−1.13; −0.55]; Adpn/Lep: 9.34 [6.33; 37.39]; LDL-C: 0.06 [−0.12; 0.50] mmol/l) and VLCHF+HIIT (HOMA-IR: −0.44 [−1.14; 0.12]; Adpn/Lep: 4.26 [2.24; 13.16]; LDL-C: 0.25 [−0.04; 0.50] mmol/l) groups.ConclusionsA 12-week VLCHF diet intervention in individuals with overfat constitution is effective for favorable changes in HOMA-IR (compared to HIIT), Adpn/Lep ratio, and diastolic blood pressure. HIIT, or HIIT combined with the VLCHF diet, had no additional benefits for the analyzed variables. No adverse side effects were observed.

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“…Low-carbohydrate diets with increased fat or protein have been reported to be effective for weight loss and improving the lipid profile [ 39 , 75 , 76 ]. A meta-analysis comparing ‘low-carbohydrate, high-fat’ and ‘high-carbohydrate, low-fat’ diets found that the low-carbohydrate diet had a greater effect on weight loss than the high-carbohydrate diet, but no differences were observed for fat mass, glucose, and triglyceride levels, and blood pressure [ 41 ]. Results from prospective cohort studies, which investigated the effect of long-term dietary macronutrient distribution without calorie restriction, reported an association between low-carbohydrate intake and increased mortality [ 79 , 80 , 81 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dietary macronutrients are important to maintain health and physiological functions. In previous nutritional intervention studies, the results mainly focused on the effects of low-fat or low-carbohydrate diets on obesity-related features such as weight control [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. However, most interventional diets that modify macronutrient distribution are based on an energy deficit or investigated over the short term, resulting in inconsistent metabolic outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary Fat to Carbohydrate Ratio on Obesity Risk Depending on Genotypes of Circadian Genes

2022

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Although the impacts of macronutrients and the circadian clock on obesity have been reported, the interactions between macronutrient distribution and circadian genes are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore macronutrient intake patterns in the Korean population and associations between the patterns and circadian gene variants and obesity. After applying the criteria, 5343 subjects (51.6% male, mean age 49.4 ± 7.3 years) from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study data and nine variants in seven circadian genes were analyzed. We defined macronutrient intake patterns by tertiles of the fat to carbohydrate ratio (FC). The very low FC (VLFC) was associated with a higher risk of obesity than the optimal FC (OFC). After stratification by the genotypes of nine variants, the obesity risk according to the patterns differed by the variants. In the female VLFC, the major homozygous allele of CLOCK rs11932595 and CRY1 rs3741892 had a higher abdominal obesity risk than those in the OFC. The GG genotype of PER2 rs2304672 in the VLFC showed greater risks for obesity and abdominal obesity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that macronutrient intake patterns were associated with obesity susceptibility, and the associations were different depending on the circadian clock genotypes of the CLOCK, PER2, and CRY1 loci.

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The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets vs. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on weight, blood pressure, serum liquids and blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 36 publications

References 43 publications

Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management

Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management

Very Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Improves Risk Markers for Cardiometabolic Health More Than Exercise in Men and Women With Overfat Constitution: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Effects of Dietary Fat to Carbohydrate Ratio on Obesity Risk Depending on Genotypes of Circadian Genes

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