“…Notes: Previous research shows that armed forces remaining in the conflict's location disrupts economic and social interactions, as the occupiers may expropriate resources and/or increase mistrust among the population (Cassar, Grosjean and Whitt, 2013;Grosjean, 2014;Rohner, Thoenig and Zilibotti, 2013). Military presence may also increase violent behavior among the population and the likelihood of future conflict (Aburto et al, 2023;Fontana, Nannicini and Tabellini, 2018;Vishwasrao, Schneider and Chiang, 2019). The occupation of territory by armed forces is thus a manifestation of violence that can increase lifetime uncertainty and migration (Engel and Ibáñez, 2007;Ibáñez and Vélez, 2008).…”