“…In this mode of learning, individuals use specifically designed mobile applications (i.e., apps) to learn a language or advance their existing language skills (Duman et al, 2015). M-learning seems to have become an integral component of modern language education (Elaish et al, 2023;Yuan et al, 2023). This is often attributed to its ability to empower learners to take control of their learning and seek out opportunities for language practice (Botero et al, 2019;Kohnke, 2023).…”