“…The research uses five Hofstede's cultural dimensions as a proxy of national culture and the share of ICT expenditure in each country as a proxy of ICT adoption. Other studies also find that Hofstede's cultural dimension has a significant impact on the relationship of acceptance of e-commerce by customers in Russia (Kim, Urunov, & Kim, 2016), mobile phone service (Abrahão, Moriguchi, & Andrade, 2016), or e-government development (Kovacic, 2009;Kurfalı, Arifoğlu, Tokdemir, & Paçin, 2017;Merhi, 2018;Zhao, 2011). For avoiding bias on the measurement, the national wealth (GDP) is included to predict the relationship since it significantly affects the ICT adoption in government (Alderete, 2018).…”