The effects of nitrogen oxides and their neutralization products with ammonia on the lung phospholipids of guinea pigs

Trzeciak, Henryk I.; Kośmider, S; Kryk, Krystyna; Kryk, Andrzeej

doi:10.1016/0013-9351(77)90070-6

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It has been shown within short exposure to given NO 2 atmospheres (up to 10 ppm) that the phospholipid content in alveolar washes increases with dose and time [ 59, 62–66]. In contrast, after long or chronic exposures the phospholipid content appears to be normal or reduced [ 67, 68]. Lavage surfactant phospholipid quality was found to depend on the mode of exposure, and its surface tension‐lowering capacity, which prevents alveoli from atelectasis during end expiration, was clearly impaired.…”

Section: Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well documented that, of the total surfactant phospholipids, the saturated PC species (mostly dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) is responsible for surface activity [ 69, 70]. Hence, it was found that the NO 2 ‐dependent decrease in surface activity is directly correlated with a reduced PC content, and also that NO 2 exposure leads to a decrease in its dipalmitoyl species [ 66–68]. However, one group also reported an elevated fraction of dipalmitoyl in the PC [ 63, 71].…”

Section: Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…O 3 and NO 2 however are known to alter the surfactant phospholipids chemically. As analysed in lavages from O 3 ‐exposed animals, the portion of unsaturated fatty acids in PC is decreased [ 73, 109–111]. However, opposite results were also reported [ 104].…”

Section: Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of air pollutants on the pulmonary surfactant system

Müller

Seifart

Barth

1998

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Air pollutants have been recognized to influence the structure and function of the surfactant system. Agents that have received the most attention include ozone, nitrogen dioxide, hyperoxia, diesel exhaust, tobacco smoke, silica and fibrous materials such as asbestos. The deleterious effects of air pollutants on the surfactant system depend on the size of the agent, on its solubility in aqueous solutions and chemical reactivity and on its concentration and the duration of exposure. Hereby the following general rules apply: the smaller the agent's size and the less water soluble the pollutant is, the greater the tendency to reach the alveoli during breathing. In addition, the reactivity also determines the depth of penetration into alveoli. Compounds with high reactivity such as O 3 , which also fulfil the earlier rules, will react with the upper respiratory tract compared with compounds with slightly reduced reactivity, such as NO 2 , which will penetrate the alveoli. The common consequence of exposure to air pollutants is an accumulation of surfactant phospholipids and surfactant-specific proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These components also are structurally altered, mainly by oxidant gases, resulting in impairment of their biological activity. Thus, for surfactant phospholipids, there is impaired adsorption to the air-liquid interface due to oxidation of their fatty acids. Also, surfactant protein A, regarded as a modulator of the surfactant system, shows impaired functions after exposure to oxidants. It is likely that in addition to the effects described in this review not all effects are known because the molecular effects of several key components (e.g SP-B and C) have not been well studied.

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Section: Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of air pollutants on the pulmonary surfactant system

Müller

Seifart

Barth

1998

Eur J Clin Investigation

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“…Decreased phosphatidylcholine of total phospholipids in bronchoalveolar lavage material and decreased palmitic acid content were observed. 56 ' 65 ' 68 Opposite to these observations, Blank and associates 69 ' 70 found an increased content of phosphatidylcholine in bronchoalveolar lavage with an unchanged content of palmitic acid. When rats were exposed nitrogen dioxide atmospheres of 20 ppm for 20 and 4 hours, only slight changes in the phospholipid pool size of lung tissue resulted.…”

Section: Nitrogen Dioxidementioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of Environmental Factors on the Lung Surfactant System

Müller¹

1995

Semin Respir Crit Care Med

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“…The exposure model provides an insight into in vivo effects in the thermal lung after acute NO 2 exposure. The analysis of the epithelial lining material will contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of NO 2 toxicity within the alveoli, and will be complementary to other parameters that have been described for humans [7,15,17,24] and laboratory animals [25,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung surfactant components in bronchoalveolar lavage after inhalation of NO2 as markers of altered surfactant metabolism

Müller

Schäfer

Barth

et al. 1994

Lung

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To study the effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inhalation on lung lavage surfactant components as markers of an altered surfactant metabolism in type II pneumocytes, rats were exposed to atmospheres with increasing NO2 concentrations (0.8, 5.0, and 10.0 ppm) over 1 and 3 days. After exposure lung lavage was performed and surfactant components as well as lavageable cells analyzed. An increased number of total lavage cells was found with increasing concentration and duration of NO2 exposure. Cell distribution showed an elevation in the number of granulocytes and lymphocytes whereas the number of macrophages was diminished. The amount of total lavage protein revealed an increase related to NO2 concentration and duration. Also the content of lavage phospholipid was increased, with a decreased portion of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Further analyses of PC showed a diminished composition of saturated fatty acids but an elevated content of the unsaturated portion. Functional studies on surfactant phospholipid extracts exhibited comparable values for the surface tension at equilibrium, as well as for the maximal and minimal surface tension of animals exposed to 0.8 ppm NO2 and controls. Higher NO2 concentrations (5 and 10 ppm) resulted in increased values for surface tension compared to controls. This was also observed with purified surfactant that was obtained from controls and from NO2-exposed rats. These experiments show that in vitro exposure of purified surfactant to NO2 atmospheres was more effective than exposure in vivo. When the structure of the surfactant proteins A was studied it was found not to be altered by the NO2. The data clearly demonstrate that NO2 inhalation impaired function of surfactant components that may be used as markers of altered surfactant metabolism.

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The effects of nitrogen oxides and their neutralization products with ammonia on the lung phospholipids of guinea pigs

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of air pollutants on the pulmonary surfactant system

Effect of air pollutants on the pulmonary surfactant system

Effects of Environmental Factors on the Lung Surfactant System

Lung surfactant components in bronchoalveolar lavage after inhalation of NO2 as markers of altered surfactant metabolism

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