The effects of operating conditions on emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves

Tissari, Jarkko; Hytönen, Kati; Sippula, Olli; Jokiniemi, Jorma

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.009

Cited by 87 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…MacCarty et al, 2007;Roden et al, 2006Roden et al, , 2009, i.e. incorporate emission measurements of diluted samples, and have been recently compared and updated for Europe Pettersson et al, 2011;Schmidl et al, 2011;Tissari et al, 2008Tissari et al, , 2009, specifically for modern stoves and boilers; Asia (Cao et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2009;Habib et al, 2008;Li et al, 2009;Parashar et al, 2005;Venkataraman et al, 2005;Zhi et al, 2008Zhi et al, , 2009; and Latin America (Johnson et al, 2008).…”

Section: Residential Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

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Section: Residential Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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“…The GAINS methodology to estimate BC emissions from residential combustion draws on Kupiainen and Klimont (2007). The emission factors aim to reflect real world emissions, i.e., incorporate emission measurements of diluted samples, and have been recently updated for Europe Pettersson et al, 2011;Schmidl et al, 2011;Tissari et al, 2008Tissari et al, , 2009, specifically for modern stoves and boilers, and Asia (Cao et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2009;Habib et al, 2008;Li et al, 2009;Parashar et al, 2005;Venkataraman, 2005;Zhi et al, 2008Zhi et al, , 2009. Activity data on solid fuel combustion in the residential sector originates from the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2011), EUROSTAT, national statistics and contacts with national experts, for example during stakeholder consultation within the revision of the European Union National Emission Ceiling Directive (http://ec.…”

Section: Emission Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions

et al. 2013

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Arctic haze is a seasonal phenomenon with high concentrations of accumulation-mode aerosols occurring in the Arctic in winter and early spring. Chemistry transport models and climate chemistry models struggle to reproduce this phenomenon, and this has recently prompted changes in aerosol removal schemes to remedy the modeling problems. In this paper, we show that shortcomings in current emission data sets are at least as important. We perform a 3 yr model simulation of black carbon (BC) with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The model is driven with a new emission data set ("ECLIPSE emissions") which includes emissions from gas flaring. While gas flaring is estimated to contribute less than 3% of global BC emissions in this data set, flaring dominates the estimated BC emissions in the Arctic (north of 66° N). Putting these emissions into our model, we find that flaring contributes 42% to the annual mean BC surface concentrations in the Arctic. In March, flaring even accounts for 52% of all Arctic BC near the surface. Most of the flaring BC remains close to the surface in the Arctic, so that the flaring contribution to BC in the middle and upper troposphere is small. Another important factor determining simulated BC concentrations is the seasonal variation of BC emissions from residential combustion (often also called domestic combustion, which is used synonymously in this paper). We have calculated daily residential combustion emissions using the heating degree day (HDD) concept based on ambient air temperature and compare results from model simulations using emissions with daily, monthly and annual time resolution. In January, the Arctic-mean surface concentrations of BC due to residential combustion emissions are 150% higher when using daily emissions than when using annually constant emissions. While there are concentration reductions in summer, they are smaller than the winter increases, leading to a systematic increase of annual mean Arctic BC surface concentrations due to residential combustion by 68% when using daily emissions. A large part (93%) of this systematic increase can be captured also when using monthly emissions; the increase is compensated by a decreased BC burden at lower latitudes. In a comparison with BC measurements at six Arctic stations, we find that using daily-varying residential combustion emissions and introducing gas flaring emissions leads to large improvements of the simulated Arctic BC, both in terms of mean concentration levels and simulated seasonality. Case studies based on BC and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements from the Zeppelin observatory appear to confirm flaring as an important BC source that can produce pollution plumes in the Arctic with a high BC / CO enhancement ratio, as expected for this source type. BC measurements taken during a research ship cruise in the White, Barents and Kara seas north of the region with strong flaring emissions reveal very high concentrations of the order of 200–400 ng m⁻³. The model underestimates these concentr...

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“…The emission of CO resulted from a low combustion temperature and insufficient supply of O 2 ; fuel was not well mixed with air and the residence time of the combustion gases was too short (Eskilson et al, 2004;Gonzalez et al, 2004;Ozil et al, 2009;Tissari et al, 2009;Roy and Corscadden, 2012). Studies by Gupta et al (2001), Edward et al (2004 and Koppmann et al (2005) reported that incomplete combustion from forest fires produces a high quantity of CO.…”

Section: Emission From Peat Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dust and Gas Emissions from Small-Scale Peat Combustion

Othman

Latif

2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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While peatland has long been exploited for agricultural activities, these make it vulnerable to fires, which emit pollutants into the atmosphere and adversely affect air quality. The aim of this study was thus to determine the main composition of air pollutants from peat soil combustion. The main parameters of the related gas pollutants, e.g., SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, O 3 and PM 10 , and their components, such as anions, cations, heavy metals and levoglucosan, have been determined. The gas concentration was determined using the colorimetric method after the air had been assimilated into absorbing solutions. The PM 10 concentration was established using a low volume air sampler equipped with weighted filter paper. The anion concentration of PM 10 was analyzed using ion chromatography, while the cation and heavy metal concentrations were ascertained using inductively couple plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Moreover, the concentration of levoglucosan was determined using the Anthrone-Sulfuric Colorimetric method. The results show that the dominant gas from the emission of burning peat soil was CO (13850-20610 μg/

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The effects of operating conditions on emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves

Cited by 87 publications

References 20 publications

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions

Dust and Gas Emissions from Small-Scale Peat Combustion

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