Purpose
High levels of family conflict increase the risk for early smoking initiation and smoking escalation among adolescents, while high levels of warmth and cohesion in the family are protective against smoking initiation. However, little is known about the associations between changes in family function during adolescence on subsequent smoking initiation among Mexican heritage adolescents.
Methods
In 2005-06, 1,328 Mexican heritage adolescents aged 11 to 14 years enrolled in a cohort study to examine non-genetic and genetic factors associated with cigarette experimentation. In 2008-09, 1,154 participants completed a follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression models were computed to prospectively examine associations between smoking behavior assessed in 2008-09 and changes in family cohesion and family conflict assessed in both 2005-06 and 2008-09, controlling for gender, age, and linguistic acculturation, positive outcome expectations associated with smoking, as well as friends and family smoking behavior.
Results
Overall 21% had tried cigarettes by 2008-09. Consistently low levels of family cohesion (OR=3.06; 95% CI: 1.38-6.73) and decreases in family cohesion (OR=2.36; 95% CI: 1.37-4.07), as well as consistently high levels of family conflict (OR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.08-2.79) and increases in conflict (OR=1.87; 95% CI: 1.19-2.94) were independent risk factors for smoking initiation among Mexican heritage youth.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that family cohesion protects against adolescent smoking while family conflict increases the risk for smoking. Therefore intervention programs for adolescents and parents could focus on enhancing family bonding and closeness, which is protective against smoking initiation.