“…The average age range of participants was 23.3–27.9 years old and entered treatment during the first and second trimesters (Cinciripini et al, 2010; El-Mohandes et al, 2012; Gielen et al, 1997; Lillington et al, 1995; Malchodi et al, 2003; Ondersma et al, 2012; Patten et al, 2010; Windsor et al, 1993). Most of the participants were not pregnant for the first time (79%; Gielen et al, 1997; Lillington et al, 1995; Patten et al, 2010); had education of twelve years or less (76%; Cinciripini et al, 2010; El-Mohandes et al, 2012; Malchodi et al, 2003; Patten et al, 2010); were unemployed (66%; Cinciripini et al, 2010; El-Mohandes et al, 2012; Malchodi et al, 2003); were Medicaid-eligible (68%; Cinciripini et al, 2010; El-Mohandes et al, 2012); were unmarried (83%; Cinciripini et al, 2010; Malchodi et al, 2003; Patten et al, 2010); and reported depression or other mood disorders (80%; Cinciripini et al, 2010; El-Mohandes et al, 2012). The range of the number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy was 7.5–13.3 (Cinciripini et al, 2010; Gielen et al, 1997; Malchodi et al, 2003; Ondersma et al, 2012), and one study reported that the average number of cigarettes smoked at pre-pregnancy was 16.3, having decreased that number during pregnancy to 9.8 (Cinciripini et al, 2010).…”