The Effects of Physiologic Balanced Salt Solutions and Normal Saline on Intraocular and Extraocular Tissues

Merrill, David L.; Fleming, Thomas C.; Girard, Louis

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(60)91806-7

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Raising the intraocular pressure sufficiently above arterial pre#sure blocks transmission of impulses from the retina (Bornachein, 1958 a, b). In early experiments this was achieved by the injection of a special fluid (Merriel, Fleming & Girard, 1960) under 300 mm Hg pressure through a needle inserted into the anterior chamber; this proved to be unsatisfactory since the eye showed signs of damage after a few hours (opacity of cornea, tight constriction of pupil) and there was no certainty that the retina was normal for the remainder of the experiment. In subsequent experiments block was achieved by manual pressure applied to the eyeball for periods of 1-2 min through the contact lens protecting the cornea; no obvious signs of ocular damage appeared after many cycles of this treatment extending over more than a day.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintained activity of lateral geniculate neurones in darkness

Levick¹,

Williams²

1964

The Journal of Physiology

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintained activity of lateral geniculate neurones in darkness

Levick¹,

Williams²

1964

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Abnormal electrolyte composition, pH, and osmolarity can damage cellular functions [19]. In the present study, most measured electrolyte values were beyond ideal ranges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Comparison of cytotoxicities and anti-allergic effects of topical ocular dual-action anti-allergic agents

et al. 2019

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BackgroundTo investigate the cytotoxicities of the topical ocular dual-action anti-allergic agents (alcaftadine 0.25%, bepotastine besilate 1.5%, and olopatadine HCL 0.1%) on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and their anti-allergic effects on cultured conjunctival epithelial cells.MethodsA Methylthiazolyltetrazolium(MTT)-based calorimetric assay was used to assess cytotoxicities using HCECs at concentrations of 10, 20 or 30% for exposure durations of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 12 h or 24 h. Cellular morphologies were evaluated by inverted phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Wound widths were measured 2 h, 18 h, or 24 h after confluent HCECs monolayers were scratched. Realtime PCR was used to quantify anti-allergic effects on cultured human conjunctival cells, in which allergic reactions were induced by treating them with Aspergillus antigen.ResultsCell viabilities decreased in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Cells were detached from dishes and showed microvilli loss, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and nuclear condensation when exposed to antiallergic agents; alcaftadine was found to be least cytotoxic. Alcaftadine treated HCECs monolayers showed the best wound healing followed by bepotastine and olopatadine (p < 0.0001). All agents significantly reduced the gene expressions of allergic cytokines (IL-5, IL-25, eotaxin, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin) and alcaftadine had the greatest effect (p < 0.0001 in all cases).ConclusionsAlcaftadine seems to have less side effects and better therapeutic effects than the other two anti-allergic agents tested. It may be more beneficial to use less toxic agents for patients with ocular surface risk factors or presumed symptoms of toxicity.

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“…90 injected 0.5% MC in balanced salt solution (a mixture of electrolytes designed to approximate the composition of tissue fluids) into the anterior chamber, no irritation from the MC occurred. No reaction was seen with intravitreal injection.…”

Section: Epithelium and Endothelium: In Vivo Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%