The Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Behavior of Mineralizing Cells Related to Bone Tissue Regeneration—A Scoping Review of In Vitro Evidence

Abstract

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation blood concentrate that serves as an autologous approach for both soft and hard tissue regeneration. It provides a scaffold for cell interaction and promotes the local release of growth factors. PRF has been investigated as an alternative to bone tissue therapy, with the potential to expedite wound healing and bone regeneration, though the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. This review aims to explore the in vitro evidence of PRF’s effects on the behavior of mineralizing cells related to bone tissue regeneration. A systematic electronic search was conducted up to August 2023, utilizing three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 76 studies were selected, which presented in vitro evidence of PRF’s usefulness, either alone or in conjunction with other biomaterials, for bone tissue treatment. PRF membranes’ influence on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of bone cells is linked to the constant release of growth factors, resulting in changes in crucial markers of bone cell metabolism and behavior. This further reinforces their therapeutic potential in wound healing and bone regeneration. While there are some notable differences among the studies, the overall results suggest a positive effect of PRF on cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and a reduction in inflammation. This points to its therapeutic potential in the field of regenerative medicine. Collectively, these findings may help enhance our understanding of how PRF impacts basic physiological processes in bone and mineralized tissue.

L-PRF Secretome from Both Smokers/Nonsmokers Stimulates Angiogenesis and Osteoblast Differentiation In Vitro

“…LPRFS treatments stimulated alkaline phosphatase protein levels similarly to controls in both LPRFS-S and LPRFS-NS. In cells treated with LPRFS derived from nonsmokers, increased alkaline phosphatase levels were observed, as in previous reports [7,31]. Nevertheless, there are no other studies involving LPRFS derived from smokers.…”

“…However, a significant reduction in the Osx protein levels was observed in cells treated with LPRFS derived from smokers and nonsmokers at 100% and 50% in the presence of osteogenic factors compared to controls. Evidence of the L-PRF effects on the Osx expression is scarce [7].…”

“…There is growing in vitro and in vivo evidence that supports the application of L-PRF derived from nonsmokers to stimulating wound healing during both medical and dental conditions, including the treatment of leg ulcers, periodontal defects, sinus lift surgery, alveolar ridge preservation, and as an adjuvant in gingival graft procedures for gingival recession treatment [2][3][4][5][6]. These beneficial effects may be linked to the impact of L-PRF on cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, bone differentiation, and inhibition of osteoclast activity [7][8][9]. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that L-PRF from nonsmokers may stimulate osteoblast proliferation, increasing early and late bone markers.…”

Towards optimized tissue regeneration: a new 3D printable bioink of alginate/cellulose hydrogel loaded with thrombocyte concentrate

“…Specifically, mineralizing cells related to bone tissue regeneration were not evaluated. Recent research has demonstrated the positive effects of PRF on cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and inflammation reduction, especially in the context of bone tissue regeneration ( de Lima Barbosa et al, 2023 ). Other 3D printing approaches incorporating PRF have utilized human osteoblast-like MG-63 cell lines and bone marrow-derived stem cells, showing higher viability ( Song et al, 2018 ; Rastegar et al, 2021 ).…”

Photobiomodulation Therapy Improves Repair of Bone Defects Filled by Inorganic Bone Matrix and Fibrin Heterologous Biopolymer

“…The use of PBM favored technical repair, especially when associated with the biocomplex (bone graft + fibrin biopolymer) which, in turn, act as scaffolds that create a beneficial microenvironment for the process. The association of two three-dimensional scaffolds, such as bovine bone graft and a fibrin derivative, allows better accommodation and stability in the recipient bed, with greater vascular sprouting, essential factors for the success of a graft with bone formation [65][66][67].…”