The effects of population management on wild ungulates: A systematic map of evidence for UK species

Abstract

Introduction Over recent decades, the abundance and geographic ranges of wild ungulate species have expanded in many parts of Europe, including the UK. Populations are managed to mitigate their ecological impacts using interventions, such as shooting, fencing and administering contraception. Predicting how target species will respond to interventions is critical for developing sustainable, effective and efficient management strategies. However, the quantity and quality of evidence of the effects of interventions on ungulate species is unclear. To address this, we systematically mapped research on the effects of population management on wild ungulate species resident in the UK. Methods We searched four bibliographic databases, Google Scholar and nine organisational websites using search terms tested with a library of 30 relevant articles. Worldwide published peer-reviewed articles were considered, supplemented by ‘grey’ literature from UK-based sources. Three reviewers identified and screened articles for eligibility at title, abstract and full-text levels, based on predefined criteria. Data and metadata were extracted and summarised in a narrative synthesis supported by structured graphical matrices. Results A total of 123 articles were included in the systematic map. Lethal interventions were better represented (85%, n = 105) than non-lethal interventions (25%, n = 25). Outcomes related to demography and behaviour were reported in 95% of articles (n = 117), whereas effects on health, physiology and morphology were studied in only 11% of articles (n = 14). Well-studied species included wild pigs (n = 58), red deer (n = 28) and roe deer (n = 23). Conclusions Evidence for the effects of population management on wild ungulate species is growing but currently limited and unevenly distributed across intervention types, outcomes and species. Priorities for primary research include: species responses to non-lethal interventions, the side-effects of shooting and studies on sika deer and Chinese muntjac. Shooting is the only intervention for which sufficient evidence exists for systematic review or meta-analysis.

The effects of wild ungulates on small mammals: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…2021, Barton et al. 2022). Therefore, the detected negative effect on small mammals may not be solely based on ungulate body mass but mediated by local densities of these ungulate species.…”

“…In our study, the body mass class comprising weights from 10 to 200 kg includes European species such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and African species such as black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) and impala (Aepyceros melampus). Although the latter are well known for their herd behaviour (Amali & Dinakaran 2019, Marie Flølo et al 2019, the former species have been expanding over the last few decades and acknowledged as overabundant by several authors (Martínez-Jauregui et al 2020, Valente et al 2020, Carpio et al 2021, Barton et al 2022. Therefore, the detected negative effect on small mammals may not be solely based on ungulate body mass but mediated by local densities of these ungulate species.…”