The Effects of Progesterone on Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts

Abstract

Production by GF of numerous MMPs in response to IL-1beta was significantly reduced by progesterone. This steroidal modulation of proteolytic enzymes could help to explain why pregnancy gingivitis typically is not characterized by progression to periodontitis.

Effect of Hormones on Matrix Metalloproteinases Gene Regulation in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

“…Previous studies associate progesterone exposure with early events of atherosclerosis, inflammation, and thrombosis [34]. In contrast, progesterone alone has been previously reported to inhibit MMPs and play a protective role in other cell types and pathologies [35][36][37]. Further investigation is needed to understand the effects of progesterone in combination with estrogen and their individual and combined influence in vascular pathology.…”

The Influence of Sex Steroid Hormones on Gingiva of Women

“…An in vitro study [65] showed that progesterone may control and reduce local production of matrix metalloproteinases, and thereby explain why pregnancy gingivitis is not necessarily characterized by progression to periodontitis. Rateitschak [66] reported a significant change in mobility during and after pregnancy, mainly because of an increase in the initial free intrasocket movement of the roots.…”

Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell expression and function of matrix metalloproteinases is mediated by estrogen and progesterone exposure

“…has been previously reported to play a protective role in other cell types and pathologies. 30,31 Further investigation is needed to understand the effects of progesterone in combination with estrogen and their individual and combined influence in vascular pathology. Secondly, our study was unable to demonstrate an upregulation of MMP-9, most likely due to the negligible amounts of MMP-9 found in normal aortic tissue.…”