The effects of proglumide on morphine induced motility changes

Abstract

Proglumide (0.02 mg/kg), a cholecystokinin antagonist, was administered to rats either together with or without morphine (0, 5, 15, or 45 mg/kg). Whereas proglumide in the absence of morphine showed a trend towards enhanced behavioral activation, it potentiated the hypokinesia induced by morphine. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous cholecystokinin tonically antagonizes opiate modulation of motility, irrespective of whether such modulation is produced by opiates and endogenous or exogenous origin.

Stabilizing Great-Power Rivalries

“…180 It was at this meeting that CBMs were renamed CSBMs "to distinguish them from their weaker, essentially voluntary Helsinki predecessors." 181 By the time the Conference on Confidence-and Security-Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe opened in Stockholm in 1984, relations between the United States and the Soviet Union had deteriorated markedly from where they had been at the Helsinki Accords' signing. From the West's perspective, the Soviets had violated the terms and spirit of the Accords.…”