“…It uses population census data, Geographic Information System (GIS) data, satellite remote sensing data, and other data sources, as well as geographic modeling algorithms, to simulate and estimate the distribution of population across the globe. Compared to other types of population data, LandScan data not only allows for updates and improvements based on available data sources and technological advances but also provides high-resolution population data, making it widely applied in studies related to urban planning, environmental assessment, disaster management, and energy planning [51,52]. In this study, LandScan data for the YRD urban agglomeration at four time points, namely 2013, 2016, 2019, and 2022, are obtained.…”