The effects of reaction kinetics upon the instabilities in cathodic electrodeposition

Theoretical Analysis of the Influence of Spacers on Salt Ion Transport in Electromembrane Systems Considering the Main Coupled Effects

“…Let us consider the formation and development of electroconvection [ 52 , 53 , 54 ] in the desalting channel of the electrodialyzer ( Figure 7 a–g). Considering the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules significantly changes both the formation and development of electroconvection ( Figure 7 a–g).…”

“…Let us consider cation concentration surfaces (color scale) and fluid stream lines (white color) for four electrodialyzer desalting channels at different moments of time (Figure 7), in which: (1) spacers are present and the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules is considered, (2) spacers are absent and the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules is considered, (3) spacers are present and the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules is not considered, (4) spacers are absent and the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules is not considered. (g) Let us consider the formation and development of electroconvection [52][53][54] in the desalting channel of the electrodialyzer (Figure 7a-g). Considering the dissociation/recombination reaction of water molecules significantly changes both the formation and development of electroconvection (Figure 7a-g).…”

“…At the same time, in the absence of dissociation/recombination reactions, electroconvective vortices appear (Figure 7(d3,d4)), with the presence of the spacer system slowing down their development for a few seconds. However, with time, the spatial charges at the ion-exchange membranes begin to be suppressed by H + and OH − ions arising from the dissociation reaction and having opposite Let us consider the formation and development of electroconvection [52][53][54] in the desalting channel of the electrodialyzer (Figure 7a-g). Considering the dissociation/ recombination reaction of water molecules significantly changes both the formation and development of electroconvection (Figure 7a-g).…”

“…Figure 7a-g show the distribution of K + concentration and liquid current line in the ED desalination channel at different times since the beginning of the linear VAage sweep ((a) t = 30 s, d = 0.3 V; (b) t = 60 s, d = 0.6 V; (c) t = 90 s, d = 0.9 V; (d) t = 120 s, d = 1.2 V; (e) t = 135 s, d = 1.35 V; (f) t = 149 s, d = 1.49 V; (g) t = 150 s, d = 1.5 V). The results are presented for four scenarios of the desalting process: (1) considering water dissociation/recombination reactions and spacers, (2) considering water dissociation/recombination reactions but without spacers, (3) not considering water dissociation/recombination reactions but with spacers, (4) not considering water dissociation/recombination reactions and without spacers.Let us consider the formation and development of electroconvection[52][53][54] in the desalting channel of the electrodialyzer (Figure7a-g). Considering the dissociation/ recombination reaction of water molecules significantly changes both the formation and development of electroconvection (Figure7a-g).As mentioned above and shown in Figure7, initially the concentration of salt ions decreases faster under the action of dissociation/recombination reaction (Figure7a-g).…”