The Effects of Robot’s Facial Expressions on Children’s First Impressions of Trustworthiness

Calvo-Barajas, Natalia; Perugia, Giulia; Castellano, Ginevra

doi:10.1109/ro-man47096.2020.9223456

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Concerning perceived competence, we did not find any significant effect of regulatory focus on the dependent variables, QIma (U(N Prom 29, N Prev 27) 360, z −.58, p .561, r −. Other studies focused on assessing trust in social robots have suggested that children's perception of trust in a robot is rather inferred from initial impressions of competence and likability (Calvo-Barajas et al, 2020).…”

Section: Children's Perception Of Likability Competence and Trustworthinesscontrasting

confidence: 51%

Hurry Up, We Need to Find the Key! How Regulatory Focus Design Affects Children’s Trust in a Social Robot

et al. 2021

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In educational scenarios involving social robots, understanding the way robot behaviors affect children’s motivation to achieve their learning goals is of vital importance. It is crucial for the formation of a trust relationship between the child and the robot so that the robot can effectively fulfill its role as a learning companion. In this study, we investigate the effect of a regulatory focus design scenario on the way children interact with a social robot. Regulatory focus theory is a type of self-regulation that involves specific strategies in pursuit of goals. It provides insights into how a person achieves a particular goal, either through a strategy focused on “promotion” that aims to achieve positive outcomes or through one focused on “prevention” that aims to avoid negative outcomes. In a user study, 69 children (7–9 years old) played a regulatory focus design goal-oriented collaborative game with the EMYS robot. We assessed children’s perception of likability and competence and their trust in the robot, as well as their willingness to follow the robot’s suggestions when pursuing a goal. Results showed that children perceived the prevention-focused robot as being more likable than the promotion-focused robot. We observed that a regulatory focus design did not directly affect trust. However, the perception of likability and competence was positively correlated with children’s trust but negatively correlated with children’s acceptance of the robot’s suggestions.

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Section: Children's Perception Of Likability Competence and Trustworthinesscontrasting

confidence: 51%

Hurry Up, We Need to Find the Key! How Regulatory Focus Design Affects Children’s Trust in a Social Robot

et al. 2021

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“…The 'novelty effect' in HRI is gathering increasingly more attention [4,59], as researchers try to determine whether the effects found in short-term interactions generalise across repeated encounters. This is especially relevant in the domain of trust, where children may form immediate impressions of trustworthiness [16]. As such, long-term studies will be of crucial importance to understand the trajectory of trust development, breakdown, and recovery in cHRI.…”

Section: Qualitative Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meta-analysis on Children’s Trust in Social Robots

Stower

Calvo-Barajas

Castellano

et al. 2021

Int J of Soc Robotics

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Although research on children’s trust in social robots is increasingly growing in popularity, a systematic understanding of the factors which influence children’s trust in robots is lacking. In addition, meta-analyses in child–robot-interaction (cHRI) have yet to be popularly adopted as a method for synthesising results. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis aimed at identifying factors influencing children’s trust in robots. We constructed four meta-analytic models based on 20 identified studies, drawn from an initial pool of 414 papers, as a means of investigating the effect of robot embodiment and behaviour on both social and competency trust. Children’s pro-social attitudes towards social robots were also explored. There was tentative evidence to suggest that more human-like attributes lead to less competency trust in robots. In addition, we found a trend towards the type of measure that was used (subjective or objective) influencing the direction of effects for social trust. The meta-analysis also revealed a tendency towards under-powered designs, as well as variation in the methods and measures used to define trust. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that it is still possible to perform rigorous analyses despite these challenges. We also provide concrete methodological recommendations for future research, such as simplifying experimental designs, conducting a priori power analyses and clearer statistical reporting.

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“…Accordingly, parallel to interpersonal trust, numerous studies have found a relevance of determinants related to robot competence for trust development in HRI. These include the robot's perceived competence based on its facial expressions (Calvo-Barajas et al, 2020), the robot's reputation in the sense of knowledge about its reliance (Bagheri and Jamieson, 2004), its previous performance (Chen et al, 2010, Lee andSee, 2004), as well as its actual performance (Chen et al, 2010). Similarly, Robinette et al (2017) found that poor robot performance was associated with a drop in self-reported trust of humans in robots, which was in turn correlated with their decision to use the robot for guidance (Robinette et al, 2017).…”

Section: Transferability Of Determinants Of Trust Development In Interpersonal Interaction To Hrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Robots Earn Our Trust the Same Way Humans Do? A Systematic Exploration of Competence, Warmth, and Anthropomorphism as Determinants of Trust Development in HRI

et al. 2021

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Robots increasingly act as our social counterparts in domains such as healthcare and retail. For these human-robot interactions (HRI) to be effective, a question arises on whether we trust robots the same way we trust humans. We investigated whether the determinants competence and warmth, known to influence interpersonal trust development, influence trust development in HRI, and what role anthropomorphism plays in this interrelation. In two online studies with 2 × 2 between-subjects design, we investigated the role of robot competence (Study 1) and robot warmth (Study 2) in trust development in HRI. Each study explored the role of robot anthropomorphism in the respective interrelation. Videos showing an HRI were used for manipulations of robot competence (through varying gameplay competence) and robot anthropomorphism (through verbal and non-verbal design cues and the robot's presentation within the study introduction) in Study 1 (n = 155) as well as robot warmth (through varying compatibility of intentions with the human player) and robot anthropomorphism (same as Study 1) in Study 2 (n = 157). Results show a positive effect of robot competence (Study 1) and robot warmth (Study 2) on trust development in robots regarding anticipated trust and attributed trustworthiness. Subjective perceptions of competence (Study 1) and warmth (Study 2) mediated the interrelations in question. Considering applied manipulations, robot anthropomorphism neither moderated interrelations of robot competence and trust (Study 1) nor robot warmth and trust (Study 2). Considering subjective perceptions, perceived anthropomorphism moderated the effect of perceived competence (Study 1) and perceived warmth (Study 2) on trust on an attributional level. Overall results support the importance of robot competence and warmth for trust development in HRI and imply transferability regarding determinants of trust development in interpersonal interaction to HRI. Results indicate a possible role of perceived anthropomorphism in these interrelations and support a combined consideration of these variables in future studies. Insights deepen the understanding of key variables and their interaction in trust dynamics in HRI and suggest possibly relevant design factors to enable appropriate trust levels and a resulting desirable HRI. Methodological and conceptual limitations underline benefits of a rather robot-specific approach for future research.

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The Effects of Robot’s Facial Expressions on Children’s First Impressions of Trustworthiness

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Hurry Up, We Need to Find the Key! How Regulatory Focus Design Affects Children’s Trust in a Social Robot

Hurry Up, We Need to Find the Key! How Regulatory Focus Design Affects Children’s Trust in a Social Robot

A Meta-analysis on Children’s Trust in Social Robots

Can Robots Earn Our Trust the Same Way Humans Do? A Systematic Exploration of Competence, Warmth, and Anthropomorphism as Determinants of Trust Development in HRI

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