The effects of salinity on growth and survival of mangrove seedlings changes with age

Kodikara, Kodikara Arachchilage Sunanda; Jayatissa, Loku Pulukkuttige; Huxham, Mark; Dahdouh‐Guebas, Farid; Koedam, Nico

doi:10.1590/0102-33062017abb0100

Cited by 89 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The reduced hydraulic conductivity could secondarily depend on SC of the plants as SC of the R plants grown in the 50% WHC and high salinity was significantly lower while the highest was recorded in the plants grown in the freshwater treatment. Several studies reported that high stomatal conductance in R. mucronata was recorded in freshwater condition and it was reduced with the increase of salinity and similar results were recorded for other mangrove species as well (Naidoo 1985;Aziz and Khan 2000;Kodikara et al 2017b). Moreover smaller leaf area is also a strategy to reduce water loss from plants under water deficit conditions (Ball 1988;Brugnoli and Lauteri 1991).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Based on our preliminary measurements, the salinity of water in the tanks was checked once in every two days using a hand refractometer (ATAGO S/Mill-E, Japan) and adjusted the salinity when necessary (added aged tap water when the level of salinity was higher than the expected and seawater was added when the salinity was lower). Commercially available fertilizer was also applied (in the form of pellets) once a month by providing the same amount per pot (Adopted from Jayatissa et al 2008;Dissanayake et al 2014;Kodikara et al 2017b). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural and functional responses of xylem in <em>Rhizophora mucronata</em> Lam. seedlings under drought and hypersaline conditions

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Water translocation in mangrove seedlings is often affected by water stress conditions such as drought, hyper-salinities and their frequent variations. This study was therefore aimed at studying the wood anatomical responses of xylem tissue and hydraulic conductivity of Rhizophora mucronata Lam., a common species in mangrove planting, under different levels of drought [25%, ~50% and ~100% of water holding capacity (WHC)] and soil salinity [high salinity (35 psu), moderate salinity (15 psu) and freshwater (0 psu)]. As wood anatomical responses, significantly higher vessel density, vessel grouping (P<0.001) along with narrow vessel elements (P<0.001) were observed in plants grown in the 25% and 50% WHCs and high salinity treatments. All these anatomical responses are more directed towards avoidance of vessel cavitation which is commonly found under water deficit conditions. The results showed that R. mucronata plants failed to maintain efficient transportation of water when the field capacity was 50% of WHC or lower and the level of salinity was 35 psu or greater, as evident by the reduction of water conductive areas, vessel areas and hydraulic conductivity (P<0.05). Overall, water use efficiency of R. mucronata seedlings under the imposed water stress conditions has remarkably reduced and it further indicated that such imposed stress conditions directly affect the survival of planted seedlings as depicted by the significantly low survival in 25% and 50% of WHCs and high salinity. Therefore, in-depth study on lagoon hydrology including inundation levels, water depth, salinity and the selection of correct tidal positioning is highly recommended as prerequisites in mangrove planting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and functional responses of xylem in <em>Rhizophora mucronata</em> Lam. seedlings under drought and hypersaline conditions

et al. 2018

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“…Basyuni et al (2018) found an optimum seedling dry weight at 15 ppt and a more bell-shaped salt tolerance curve. In the longerterm study conducted by Kodikara et al (2018) the low salinity treatment (3-5 ppt) provided the best conditions for seedling growth of R. apiculata and 5 other mangrove species until 15-20 weeks of age, but afterwards the optimum salinity shifted towards 15-17 ppt. Such plasticity of salinity tolerance during ontogeny has been described repeatedly for mangrove species (Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001;Alleman and Hester, 2011).…”

Section: Design Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Information on the salt tolerance of Rhizophora apiculata or its fundamental niche in terms of salinity is only available from experiments in which seedlings were grown over a limited time period at a range of salinities (Moorthy and Kathiresan, 1995;Ball et al, 1997;Basyuni et al, 2018Basyuni et al, , 2019Kodikara et al, 2018). However, the results of these experiments vary considerably in detail.…”

Section: Design Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual-based modeling of mangrove forest growth: MesoFON – Recent calibration and future direction

Grueters

Ibrahim

Satyanarayana

et al. 2019

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science

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A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords:Individual-based model Model purpose Mangrove threats Model calibration Rhizophora apiculata IBMbedding A B S T R A C TWe introduce individual-based models (IBMs) of mangrove forests and criticize the tasks for their development recommended previously for being mostly related to natural threats. This is contrasted with our perspective that the key research question of today's models should be to mitigate anthropogenic threats.Core objective (1) of this article is to provide a review of mangrove threats prioritizing solution-oriented IBM approaches. Because species-specific calibration of IBMs is time-consuming, efficiency is crucial. Globally, we identify an urgent need to parametrize Asian mangrove species.We suggest IBMs to unveil management scenarios with maximum sustainable timber yield to prevent mangrove conversion and over-exploitation. The key model purpose regarding natural threats is to govern the management of mangrove forest stability for coastal protection using a combination of windthrow models and IBMs. We argue for the embedding of IBMs in ecosystem models to achieve purposes regarding eutrophication and altered hydrology/sedimentation. Core objective (2) is to describe the development of the new IBM mesoFON from a task-to a solution-oriented model. Initially, the interaction of lateral crown displacement and hurricane impacts was examined with mesoFON. Later, we introduced propagule production & local dispersal with the task to close the tree life cycle. Here, we describe the change in purpose of mesoFON accompanying its calibration for Rhizophora apiculata in Malaysia. For this we applied a Genetic Algorithm optimizer, used mesoFON as a "way-back machine", initialized it with observed tree diameters/positions and shrank the trees backwards in time.Objective (3) is to describe mesoFON's future direction: Embedding in the General Ecosystem Model (Fitz et al., 1996) and targeting the solution of threats at larger spatial scales. Finally, we demonstrate that the new model simulates overland waterflow qualitatively right even in benchmark settings.

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“…For instance, a change was reported in the total pigments of A. marina subjected 2 International Journal of Forestry Research to leaf spot disease (Alternaria alternate) [18]. High levels of salinity negatively affected leaf area (LA), leaf specific area (LSA), and leaf weight [10,19]. The ecophysiological traits, no doubt, are genetically based.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphophysiological Traits of Gray Mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.) at Different Levels of Soil Salinity

Seedo

Abido

Salih

et al. 2018

International Journal of Forestry Research

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The traits of gray mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.) at different levels of soil salinity were assessed at three sites along the Tubli Bay coastline of Bahrain. Morphophysiological traits include rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, leaf morphology, and leaf pigment content. Results showed that the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, the intercellular CO 2 concentration, and stomatal conductance were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the trees of a low salinity site compared to those of high salinity sites. Pairwise correlation between soil electrical conductivity levels and photosynthesis and transpiration rates was very low, implying an adverse effect of low salinity on both processes. However, the dimensions of leaf area and the sclerophylly index were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the trees grown in low salinity site compared to those in more saline conditions. On the other hand, pigments were significantly lower in leaves of trees grown in low salinity site compared to the other two sites. The pairwise correlation between electrical conductivity values and chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid was 0.51, 0.52, and 0.57 consecutively at (p <0.0001), implying moderate effect of salinity on leaf pigments. This study illustrates the adverse and positive effects of soil salinity on some traits of gray mangrove in Bahrain, which might be considered in ecosystem rehabilitation along other coastlines of the country.

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The effects of salinity on growth and survival of mangrove seedlings changes with age

Cited by 89 publications

References 44 publications

Structural and functional responses of xylem in <em>Rhizophora mucronata</em> Lam. seedlings under drought and hypersaline conditions

Structural and functional responses of xylem in <em>Rhizophora mucronata</em> Lam. seedlings under drought and hypersaline conditions

Individual-based modeling of mangrove forest growth: MesoFON – Recent calibration and future direction

Morphophysiological Traits of Gray Mangrove (Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.) at Different Levels of Soil Salinity

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