The effects of saliva collection, handling and storage on salivary testosterone measurement

Durdiaková, Jaroslava; Fábryová, Helena; Koborová, Ivana; Ostatníková, Daniela; Celec, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2013.09.002

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…For discussions of how adherence with scheduled ambulatory saliva sampling can be improved or confirmed, see Kumari (2009), Granger et al (2012), and Kudielka et al (2012). Moreover, it is important to note that factors other than nonadherence with scheduled sampling could also introduce biases in the estimation of sT concentrations: for example, not following storage temperature recommendations for saliva samples Durdiakova et al, 2013), blood from micro-injuries in the oral mucosa that contaminates saliva samples , and eating or drinking right before saliva sampling (Granger et al, 2012). When estimating sT within ambulatory salivasampling designs, recommendations for dealing with such factors should be consistently followed as closely as possible (for reviews see Granger et al, 2004;Al-DujailI and Sharp, 2012;Granger et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonadherence with ambulatory saliva sampling is associated with biased salivary testosterone estimates

Moeller

Lieb

Meyer

et al. 2014

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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OBJECTIVE Nonadherence with scheduled saliva sampling, as encountered in ambulatory settings, can bias the estimation of salivary cortisol concentrations. This study is the first to estimate if such nonadherence is also associated with biased salivary testosterone concentration estimates. METH-ODS Using a standard ambulatory saliva-sampling protocol, we instructed pregnant women to collect saliva samples on two consecutive days at awakening, 1100h, 1500h, 2000h, and 2200h. We estimated testosterone concentrations in the saliva samples and participants' actual sampling times with an electronic medication event-monitoring system. We classified a saliva sample as adherent if it was sampled within a specific time window relative to its scheduled sampling time. We used a mixed-model analysis to distinguish between trait (number of adherent saliva samples per participant) and state (adherence status of a specific sample) adherence. RESULTS We included 60 pregnant women in this study. Seventy-five percent (448 of 600) of the scheduled samples indicated adherence with the sampling schedule. Participants' trait adherence was associated with their diurnal profiles of salivary testosterone estimates; that is, adherent participants had higher salivary testosterone estimates compared with nonadherent participants, F(1,58)=5.41, p=0.023, Cohen's d=0.67. The state adherence of a sample was associated with the salivary testosterone estimate of the related sample, F(1,469)=4.48, p=0.035, Cohen's d=0.20, with delayed sampling associated with lower salivary testosterone estimates. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that common ambulatory nonadherence with scheduled saliva sampling is associated with biased salivary testosterone estimates. They will inform further studies estimating salivary testosterone with ambulatory saliva-sampling designs and highlight the relevance of strategies to improve or confirm adherence, beyond routinely used instructions. Methods: Using a standard ambulatory saliva-sampling protocol, we instructed pregnant women to collect saliva samples on two consecutive days at awakening, 1100h, 1500h, 2000h, and 2200h. We estimated testosterone concentrations in the saliva samples and participants' actual sampling times with an electronic medication event-monitoring system.We classified a saliva sample as adherent if it was sampled within a specific time window relative to its scheduled sampling time. We used a mixed-model analysis to distinguish between trait (number of adherent saliva samples per participant) and state (adherence status of a specific sample) adherence. Results:We included 60 pregnant women in this study. Conclusions:The results suggest that common ambulatory nonadherence with scheduled saliva sampling is associated with biased salivary testosterone estimates. They will inform further studies estimating salivary testosterone with ambulatory saliva-sampling designs and highlight the relevance of strategies to improve or confirm adherence, beyond routinely used instructions.2 Salivary testo...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonadherence with ambulatory saliva sampling is associated with biased salivary testosterone estimates

Moeller

Lieb

Meyer

et al. 2014

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…Therefore, saliva could be analyzed by specific testing for blood born marker such as transferrin. [42,59] Furthermore, augmentation by direct contamination by contaminated hand could not be excluded but is also possible. Thus, in this study, the outliers over 300 pg/mL were excluded.…”

Section: Methodological Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential detection of low‐dose transdermal testosterone administration in blood, urine, and saliva

Schönfelder

Hofmann

Schulz

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Administration of low amounts of endogenous hormones - so-called micro-dosages - are supposed to represent a major challenge in doping analysis. To model such a situation, we have studied transdermal administrations of 2.4 mg/24 h testosterone patches and examined various steroid concentrations in blood, urine, and saliva of 11 volunteers. Multiple samples were collected at t = 0, 3, 6, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h in four different phases, i.e., all combinations with/without physical exercise and with/without testosterone. Testosterone was analyzed by enzyme-linked-immuno-assay as well as by mass spectrometry and validated in an accredited anti-doping laboratory. Circadian controls with and without exercise did not provoke prominent alterations of whole, free, and salivary testosterone. Testosterone application for 24 h led to a significant (all p < 0.001) mean increase above controls: total testosterone (median: 5.2 vs. 8.0 ng/mL), free testosterone (median: 11.3 vs. 15.6 pg/mL), and salivary testosterone (median: 62.4 vs. 99.9 pg/mL). Additionally, all three testosterone measurements indicated significant correlations to each other (all r > 0.538, all p < .001). Circadian-matching showed peaking testosterone values after 6 h and 9 h, reaching highest augmentation up to 252.6 ± 123.5% in saliva after 9 h. After removal of the testosterone patch, all testosterone levels in blood, saliva, and urine returned to baseline within 24 h. Different techniques of hormone detection (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)) indicated significant correlations. Results indicate that saliva, blood, and urine exhibit comparable hormone augmentation during micro-dose testosterone application, indicating a possible consideration in future doping analysis. The inter-individual variability was high in all biofluids, requiring the use of an individual biological passport rather than statistical values. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The latter can have a major impact on the analysis of compounds with a blood to oral fluid ratio which strongly deviates from 1, as was demonstrated for the measurement of e.g. salivary cortisol and testosterone [13][14][15] . Another important issue in oral fluid analysis is the fact that analyte levels may depend on a multitude of variables such as compound pKa, molecular weight, charge and lipid solubility, as well as oral fluid pH, flow rate and metabolism 10,16 .…”

Section: Alternative Sampling Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opening the toolbox of alternative sampling strategies in clinical routine: A key-role for (LC-)MS/MS

Velghe

Capiau

Stove

2016

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

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Alternative sampling strategies such as dried blood sampling, liquid microsampling and the sampling of oral fluid, hair, meconium, interstitial fluid, sweat, exhaled breath condensate and sputum offer interesting opportunities for many applications in clinical routine. Here, we provide an overview of different applications, with special attention to the pivotal role of LC-MS/MS in facilitating analysis of the collected matrices. Covered clinical fields include newborn screening, endocrinology, therapeutic drug monitoring, phenotyping, toxicology, proteomics and metabolomics. Furthermore, specific advantages, challenges and limitations of each alternative sampling strategy are discussed, along with recent advances and future trends that may contribute to routine implementation of these sampling strategies. Given the development of many recent potentially valuable clinical applications, the possibility of home sampling and the opportunity to obtain information that is hard to procure using traditional sampling, a well-balanced role for alternative sampling strategies can be envisaged in patient healthcare in the (near) future.

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The effects of saliva collection, handling and storage on salivary testosterone measurement

Cited by 45 publications

References 41 publications

Nonadherence with ambulatory saliva sampling is associated with biased salivary testosterone estimates

Nonadherence with ambulatory saliva sampling is associated with biased salivary testosterone estimates

Potential detection of low‐dose transdermal testosterone administration in blood, urine, and saliva

Opening the toolbox of alternative sampling strategies in clinical routine: A key-role for (LC-)MS/MS

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