“…Finally, tourism demand modeling has to face the problem of uncertainty. Unexpected events, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, social/political instability, oil crises, wars, financial/economic crises, terrorism, foot-and-mouth disease, and outbreaks of contagious diseases, generally negatively affect tourism demand (Kim, Chun, & Lee, 2005;Song et al, 2010b). Due to the potential negative impacts, considerable attention has been given to capture such adverse impacts using dummy variables (Kim et al, 2005;Lin et al, 2015;Page et al, 2012;Song, Lin, Witt, & Zhang, 2011).…”