“…Most available studies of ECAs were conducted in secondary school contexts. Earlier research studies included mostly drama clubs, sports, debate clubs, music, sports, and similar activities (e.g., McCarthy, 2000;Bryan et al, 2012;Dumais, 2009). These studies demonstrated multiple positive effects of ECAs on grades overall and on grades in specific subjects, such as mathematics, science and English (Mahoney, 2000;McLure & McLure, 2000;Fredricks & Eccles, 2008;Dumais, 2009;Knifsend & Graham, 2012).…”