The effects of short‐term caloric restriction on cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese men and women: A single‐arm trial

Abstract

Overweight and obesity (Ow/Ob) is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Caloric restriction (CR) have been investigated but little is known about the acute effects of CR and often such diets are not standardized. Thus, we aimed to assess the impact of a new standardized 3‐day CR diet (590 kcal/d intake) on cardiometabolic health in weight‐stable Ow/Ob individuals. In a single‐arm design, 15 Ow/Ob men and women were assessed pre‐post a 3‐day standardized CR diet; specifically, body weight/composition (%body fat, visceral fat score (Vfs), blood pressure (BP), and vascular stiffness (VS), resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate utilization (respiratory quotient, RQ), and blood glucose/lipid profile). CR lowered body weight (93.1 ± 15.2 to 90.67 ± 14.4 kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.9), %fat (37.2 ± 7.5 to 35.8 ± 7.5%, p = 0.002, d = 1.1), and Vfs (13.1 ± 4.5 to 12.2 ± 3.9 a.u., p = 0.002, d = 1.1), but not body water (46.3 ± 3.6 to 46.0 ± 3.6%, p = 0.29). CR lowered VS (29.8 ± 17.5 to 21.5 ± 14.5%, p = 0.05, d = 0.6), but not BP (p > 0.05). Blood glucose (86 ± 7 to 84 ± 11 mg/dL, p = 0.33) and lipids (total cholesterol (196 ± 49 to 203 ± 54 mg/dL, p = 0.16) and TC/HDL (4.9 ± 2.4 to 6.1 ± 4.7, p = 0.13)) were unchanged. RQ decreased with CR (0.84 ± 0.01 to 0.76 ± 0.00, p < 0.001, d = 1.9), though REE was unchanged (p = 0.83). The 3‐day CR diet significantly improved fat metabolism, body weight and composition, and vascular stiffness.

The Influence of Diet and Its Components on the Development and Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

“…These errors, accompanying the development of visceral obesity and dyslipidemia, result in insulin resistance and the stimulation of de novo lipogenesis in the liver [ 12 , 13 ]. The primary aim of prevention should be to prevent unplanned weight gain and the development of lipid disorders [ 14 ]. As reported by Saitta et al, merely having excess body weight increases the risk of HCC by at least several percent [ 15 ].…”

“…As reported by Saitta et al, merely having excess body weight increases the risk of HCC by at least several percent [ 15 ]. Hence, the daily diet should be normocaloric and provide nutrients in accordance with individual requirements [ 14 ]. In the case of the development of the described disorders, a worsening in the lipid parameters of body composition, and an increase in waist circumference, the implementation of a low-calorie diet is necessary to ensure weight reduction [ 16 ].…”