“…The 20-item measure has 5 answer choices, including "strongly agree," "agree," "neutral," and "disagree," on a Likert-type scale. The scale assesses four aspects of self-efficacy: certainty in one's abilities (1, 2, 3, 4), belief in one's ability to achieve their goals (6,7,8,9), outlook on life (11,12,13,14,15), and anticipation of their actions' consequences (16,17,18,19,20). It was discovered that the self-efficacy measure has a test-retest reliability of 0.82 and a construct validity of 0.92, which indicates that it is reliable and valid.…”