The Effects of Smoking Cessation on the Risk Factors for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Follow-Up Study of Veterans

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the impact of short-term smoking cessation on Metabolic Syndrome (Mets) component risk factors, and hormones related to MetS and human metabolism.Methods: Smoking veterans with MetS, attending stop smoking class, were followed up close to one year. Paired comparisons between after the follow up and baseline data were made using t-test.Results: A total of 95 smoking veterans with MetS completed average close to one year follow up. Thirty subjects completely quit for the average of 6 months, while 36 subjects continued smoking during the follow up. At the end of study, quitters average waist circumference increased 2.98 cm (0.69–5.27), weight increased 2.05 kg (−0.03 to 4.13), HDL cholesterol increased 4.17 mg/dl (1.03–7.32), triglyceride decreased 56.17 mg/dl ((−1.96 to 111.20), and MetS prevalence decreased 13% (p = 0.05). The changes in ghrelin were moderately positively associated with duration of quitting smoking (R2 = 43.99, and p < 0.01).Conclusion: Compared to the baseline, quitters HDL was up, triglyceride was down, and overall MetS prevalence was lower. The longer the duration of quitting, bigger the increase in ghrelin. There were no significant changes in serum leptin, ghrelin, serum insulin, and insulin resistance after quitting smoking.

International randomised controlled trial evaluating metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic cigarette smokers following switching to combustion-free nicotine delivery systems: the DIASMOKE protocol

“…Considering the results of a number of lifestyle modification interventions, the absolute reduction in MetS prevalence following substantial smoking cessation is expected to be no less than 15%. [24][25][26][27][28] The main prespecified secondary endpoint is an absolute change in the sum of the individual factors of the MetS (as defined by NCEP criteria) measured at each study time point (between and within study groups). Other secondary endpoints include change in each individual factor of the MetS (as defined by NCEP criteria) measured at each study time point (between and within study groups) and change of the variables given in table 1B measured at each study time point (between and within study groups).…”

International Randomised Controlled Trial evaluating metabolic syndrome in type 2 Diabetic Cigarette Smokers following switching to Combustion-Free Nicotine Delivery Systems: the DIASMOKE protocol

“…For this study, the following input assumptions were considered: The absolute reduction in MetS prevalence following substantial smoking cessation is expected to be 15%, based on the results of a range of lifestyle modification interventions (22–26) The baseline prevalence of MetS in T2DM is expected to be 70% (27–30) …”

“…The absolute reduction in MetS prevalence following substantial smoking cessation is expected to be 15%, based on the results of a range of lifestyle modification interventions (22–26)…”

A multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of combustion-free nicotine alternatives on cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes who smoke: the DiaSmokeFree study protocol

“…Considering the results of several lifestyle modification interventions, the absolute reduction in MetS prevalence after smoking cessation is expected to be no less than 15% [ 24 – 28 ].…”

“…The sample size calculation is based on assumptions that the expected reduction in MetS prevalence after smoking cessation is 15% [ 24 – 28 ], and the expected baseline prevalence of MetS in T2D is 70% [ 29 – 32 ]. Sample size was calculated on the basis of demonstration of superiority, assuming a normal distribution of the sample [ 33 ].…”