The effects of smoking on bone metabolism

Yoon, Vivienne; Maalouf, Naim M.; Sakhaee, Khashayar

doi:10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y

Cited by 221 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…The effect of smoking is also influenced by dose and duration [42], which can explain diverging study results. Longitudinal studies of adolescent boys and girls in early adulthood have shown adverse effect of smoking [21,43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures: a study of Norwegian adolescents’ lifestyle and bone health

et al. 2014

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Summary Bone mass achievement predicts later fracture risk. This population-based study describes bone mineral density levels (BMD) and associated factors in Norwegian adolescents. Compared with international reference ranges, BMD levels appear higher and physical activity levels are positively associated with BMD.Purpose Norway has one of the highest reported incidences of osteoporotic fractures. Maximization of peak bone mass may prevent later fractures. This population-based study compared BMD levels of Norwegian adolescents with international reference ranges and explored associated factors.Methods All first year upper secondary school students, aged 15-19 years in the Tromsø region were invited to the Fit Futures study in 2010-2011. Over 90% of the invited participants attended, 508 girls and 530 boys. BMD was measured at total hip, femoral neck and total body by dual x-ray absorptiometry.Lifestyle variables were collected by self-administered questionnaires and interviews. All analyses were performed sex stratified, using linear regression models.Results In girls mean BMD (SD) was 1.060 (0.124), 1.066 (0.123) and 1.142 (0.077) g/cm² at the total hip, femoral neck and total body respectively. In boys corresponding values were 1.116 (0.147), 1.103 (0.150) and 1.182 (0.097), with significant higher values than the Lunar pediatric reference at 16 years of age In girls, height and self-reported intensive physical activity of more than four hours a week and early sexual maturation were positively associated with BMD at both femoral sites (p<0.047). Among boys age, height, body mass index, physical activity and alcohol intake were positively (p<0.038), whereas early stages of sexual maturation and smoking was negatively (p<0.047) related to BMD.Conclusions Despite the heavy fracture burden, Norwegian adolescents´ BMD levels are higher than agematched Caucasians. Physical activity is associated with 1 SD increased BMD levels in those involved in competition or hard training.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures: a study of Norwegian adolescents’ lifestyle and bone health

et al. 2014

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“…67 Lifestyle choices may also confer additional risk for BMD deficits. In adults, smoking, caffeine, and alcohol intake are all associated with reduced BMD, [68][69][70] and these behaviors should be avoided in children and adolescents.…”

Section: Exercise and Lifestylementioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Bone Health in Children and Adolescents

Daniels¹,

Abrams²,

Corkins³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

402

310

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The pediatrician plays a major role in helping optimize bone health in children and adolescents. This clinical report reviews normal bone acquisition in infants, children, and adolescents and discusses factors affecting bone health in this age group. Previous recommended daily allowances for calcium and vitamin D are updated, and clinical guidance is provided regarding weight-bearing activities and recommendations for calcium and vitamin D intake and supplementation. Routine calcium supplementation is not recommended for healthy children and adolescents, but increased dietary intake to meet daily requirements is encouraged. The American Academy of Pediatrics endorses the higher recommended dietary allowances for vitamin D advised by the Institute of Medicine and supports testing for vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with conditions associated with increased bone fragility. Universal screening for vitamin D deficiency is not routinely recommended in healthy children or in children with dark skin or obesity because there is insufficient evidence of the cost–benefit of such a practice in reducing fracture risk. The preferred test to assess bone health is dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, but caution is advised when interpreting results in children and adolescents who may not yet have achieved peak bone mass. For analyses, z scores should be used instead of T scores, and corrections should be made for size. Office-based strategies for the pediatrician to optimize bone health are provided. This clinical report has been endorsed by American Bone Health.

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“…Numerous studies have linked smoking with low BMD, osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. Initial reports indicated that men and women who smoked had lower BMDs than nonsmokers of the same age and sex 2,[20][21][22] . Although the effects of cigarette smoking on BMD and osteoporosis have been described, a similar effect of smokeless tobacco use on osteoporosis has never been investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the exact mechanism for this effect is unknown, there may be several possible explanations 6) . Nicotine induces vasoconstriction, low tissue oxygenation, tissue ischemia 6,24) and effects osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption 22) . Additionally, non-nicotine constituents of tobacco have a direct effect on bone cells 25,26) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Osteoporotic Effect of Maras Powder (Turkish Smokeless Tobacco) Consumption in Healthy Males

et al. 2012

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Abstract. [Purpose] This study analyzed the effect of Maraş powder on bone mineral density. [Subjects and Methods] One hundred and eighty-three healthy male subjects (93 Maras powder users, 90 nonusers) were included in the study. The information on demographics, health history, alcohol and tobacco use and medication use were obtained by an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Subjects who had any pathology that might affect bone mineral density, were excluded from the study. Mesurements of bone mineral density were obtained by phalangeal radiographic absorbtiometry of the nondominant hand. The bone mineral density values (g/cm 2 ) of Maraş powder users were compared with those of nonusers.[Results] The mean duration of Maraş powder use was 26 ± 13 years, and the mean age of Maraş powder users was 59 ± 11years. The mean age of nonusers was 58 ± 11years. The mean phalangeal bone mineral density in Maraş powder users (0.32 ± 0.03 g/cm 2 , range 0.22-0.39 g/cm 2 ) was significantly lower than that in the nonusers (0.34 ± 0.03 g/cm 2 , range 0.25-0.43 g/cm 2 , p=0.00).[Conclusion] Bone mineral density is lower in the Maraş powder users than in the nonusers. Maraş powder appears to be a potential risk factor for low bone mineral density in populations where its use is prevalent.

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The effects of smoking on bone metabolism

Cited by 221 publications

References 121 publications

The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures: a study of Norwegian adolescents’ lifestyle and bone health

The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures: a study of Norwegian adolescents’ lifestyle and bone health

Optimizing Bone Health in Children and Adolescents

The Osteoporotic Effect of Maras Powder (Turkish Smokeless Tobacco) Consumption in Healthy Males

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