The effects of smoking on periodontal disease: An  evidence-based comprehensive literature review

Abu-Ta’a, Mahmoud

doi:10.4236/ojst.2014.41007

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…Of all the oral habits that can be picked up because of stress, smoking is the one which has the most damaging effect on the periodontium [32,38] since: -the frequency of periodontal disease is 7-8 times greater for smokers than for nonsmokers [39]; -the severity of periodontal disease is higher among smokers (depth of periodontal pockets, periodontium, and bone attachment losses) [40];…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of chronic stress on periodontal health

Gunepin¹,

Derache

Trousselard³

et al. 2018

J Oral Med Oral Surg

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--Introduction: Periodontal diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that induce increases in of local and systemic proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in periodontal damage. The onset and evolution of periodontal diseases are influenced by many local and systemic risk factors. Educational objective: In this article, we aim to review the results of the research on the impact of chronic stress on the occurrence, development, and response to periodontal disease treatments and on the pathophysiological mechanisms of periodontal disease. Conclusion: Chronic stress has a negative impact on the occurrence, development, and response to the treatment of periodontal disease via indirect actions on the periodontium. This can result from behavioral changes caused by stress (poor dental hygiene, smoking, etc.) and a direct neuroimmunoendocrinological action related to the consequences (particularly immunological) of the secretion of certain chemicals (e.g., cortisol) induced by the activation of the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system in response to stress. These factors necessitate multidisciplinary management (e.g., physician, oral surgeon, and psychologist) of patients to identify subjects with chronic stress and to employ countermeasures to decrease the impact of stress on the periodontium.

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Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-smokers respond less favorably to periodontal treatments whether they be nonsurgical, surgical, and/or medically [39,40].…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of chronic stress on periodontal health

Gunepin¹,

Derache

Trousselard³

et al. 2018

J Oral Med Oral Surg

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“…Smoking exerts a major impact on the pace of progression of periodontal disease [28,29]. While a non-smoker who maintains good oral hygiene is rather likely to develop a rate of bone loss lower than 0.25 (% of bone loss divided by age), a patient who smokes more than 10 cigarettes a day can be suspected to lose over four times more bone [30,31].…”

Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, an average Polish smoker is estimated to smoke between 15 and 30 cigarettes daily, and the numbers are similar in other countries. The World Health Organization (WHO), in On the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021 -Addressing New and Emerging Products, reported that the prevalence of smoking among people over 15 years decreases from 22.7% to 17.5% [29,30,32]. Furthermore, worldwide, 1.1 billion people are considered smokers, and by 2025 this number is expected to increase to as much as 1.3 billion [33].…”

Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of tobacco smoking and electronic nicotine delivery systems on oral health – a narrative review

Bielecka-Kowalska¹,

Bielicka²,

Lewkowicz³

2022

J Pre Clin Clin Res.

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Introduction and Objective.Smoking is associated with periodontal disease, potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. Recent increase in the electronic cigarette use creates new, yet undiscovered consequences for both general and oral health. Although the negative effects of nicotinism have been known for years, new information and correlations of the effects of tobacco smoking continue to emerge. The objective of this article is to provide an update on effects of both conventional smoking and electronic nicotine delivery systems on the oral health. Review Methods. A review of the recent literature (from 01.2000 to 06.2022) was conducted using PubMed, Web of Since and Google Scholar databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Smoking alters immune function promoting inflammation and impairs tissue healing. Typical problems for smokers include poor oral hygiene, halitosis and periodontal disease. Nicotinism contributes also to the oral cancer. Modern heat-not-burn nicotine delivery systems, which operate with lower temperatures and do not exude typical cigarette smoke, are increasingly popular alternative to traditional cigarettes. It is likely that e-cigarettes have fewer carcinogenic effects, but they contain nicotine and other substances that negatively affect the oral cavity. Similarly, IQOS cigarettes generate harmful products, but generally at lower concentrations than traditional cigarettes. Summary. Oral pathologies are predominantly associated with the use of traditional cigarettes as a result of the oral tissue and immune system exposure to composition of cigarette smoke. Although modern electric nicotine delivery systems seem to be less harmful, their long-term effects on oral health are still under-recognized. Medical professionals, especially dentists should identify the addicted patient and counsel on quitting nicotine addiction.

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“…Smoking has been implicated as an etiological agent for various chronic diseases, including infections, cancers, heart diseases, and chronic lung diseases, which together are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world [2]. Cigarette smoking has been associated with periodontal disease for the past 20 years [3], but smoking alone does not cause periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is caused by bacterial plaque that accumulates underneath gingival tissues and becomes infected, initiating bone loss around the teeth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between interleukin-18 level in smokers and chronic periodontitis: radiographic overview of posterior mandibular teeth

Wiyanto

Masulili²,

Auerkari³

et al. 2018

jos

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Introduction: Tobacco smoking is a very common addiction worldwide and an environmental factor predisposing to periodontal disease. The role of cytokines and chemokines in chronic periodontitis pathogenesis has been previously confirmed. Evaluating serum cytokines and chemokines is essential in determining inflammatory responses in periodontitis patients. Previous findings imply a close relationship between elevated cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels and chronic periodontitis pathogenesis in smokers; however, the usefulness of IL-18 as an inflammatory marker in gingivitis remains unclear. The aim of the study was to analyze IL-18 levels in smokers with chronic periodontitis. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relevance of IL-18 levels to the severity of chronic periodontitis in smokers in terms of the radiographic features of mandibular posterior teeth. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study of 76 male subjects aged 19-34 years with chronic periodontitis in Depok, Indonesia was performed. Clinical data (OHIS, pockets, CAL), smoking status, and IL-18 samples were collected; samples were detected using ELISA. Results: IL-18 levels in smokers with moderate periodontitis were higher than in those with mild periodontitis. However, the results showed that the differences in IL-18 levels were not significant based on daily cigarette consumption, and no significant correlation was revealed regarding IL-18 concentrations in smokers based on smoking duration. The correlation test results demonstrated a significant relationship between periodontitis severity and the number of cigarettes consumed per day, but no significant correlation between periodontitis severity in smokers and smoking duration. Conclusions: IL-18 levels in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid can be used as a predictable biomarker for periodontal disease progression, but cannot be used to determine the patients' smoking habits. Further studies are required to confirm the relationship between IL-18 and chronic periodontitis in smokers.

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The effects of smoking on periodontal disease: An evidence-based comprehensive literature review

Cited by 5 publications

References 75 publications

Impact of chronic stress on periodontal health

Impact of chronic stress on periodontal health

Effects of tobacco smoking and electronic nicotine delivery systems on oral health – a narrative review

The relationship between interleukin-18 level in smokers and chronic periodontitis: radiographic overview of posterior mandibular teeth

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