The effects of social distancing markers on single-file pedestrian movement during the pandemic

Abstract

Social distancing markers placed on the floor are a commonly used measure by city authorities to remind pedestrians to keep a safe distance during the pandemic. However, little is known about the effects of social distancing markers on pedestrian dynamics. In this paper, we conducted a series of single-file experiments with and without social distancing markers under a prescribed social distance of 1 m. By comparing the trajectories with and without social distancing markers, the two-sided effects of social distancing markers are revealed. Pedestrians have significantly fewer social distance violations and less exposure time with the help of social distancing markers, which can decrease the total infection risk. However, pedestrians under the measure of social distancing markers need longer delay times for velocity-matching behavior; also, lower velocity and specific flow are observed at densities greater than 0.6 m−1, which will increase the queue length. Stepping behavior is further analyzed to reveal the impact mechanism behind the reduction in velocity and specific flow. It is found that pedestrians’ step length is sensitive to social distancing markers, and pedestrians tend to shorten their step length rather than step frequency more rapidly when the markers are implemented. These evidence-based results provide interesting insights for crowd management, and help to develop pedestrian simulation models in preparation for future outbreaks and pandemics.