The effects of soy on scopolamine-induced spatial learning and memory impairments are comparable to the effects of estradiol

Abstract

Background Modulatory effects of soy extract and estradiol on the central nervous system (CNS) have been reported. The effect of soy on scopolamine-induced spatial learning and memory in comparison to the effect of estradiol was investigated. Materials and methods Ovariectomized rats were divided into the following groups: (1) control, (2) scopolamine (Sco), (3) scopolamine-soy 20 (Sco-S 20), (4) scopolamine-soy 60 (Sco-S 60), (5) scopolamine-estradiol 20 (Sco-E 20) and (6) scopolamine-estradiol 60 (Sco-E 60). Soy extract, estradiol and vehicle were administered daily for 6 weeks before training in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Scopolamine (2 mg/kg) was injected 30 min before training in the MWM test. Results In the MWM, the escape latency and traveled path to find the platform in the Sco group was prolonged compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Treatment by higher doses of soy improved performances of the rats in the MWM (p < 0.05 – p < 0.001). However, treatment with both doses of estradiol (20 and 60 μg/kg) resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the MWM (p < 0.01 – p < 0.001). Cortical, hippocampal and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), as an index of lipid peroxidation, were increased which was prevented by soy extract and estradiol (p < 0.001). Cortical, hippocampal as well as serum levels of the total thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in Sco group were lower than the control group (p < 0.001) while they were enhanced when the animals were treated by soy extract and estradiol (p < 0.01 – p < 0.001). Conclusions It was observed that both soy extract and estradiol prevented learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine in ovariectomized rats. These effects can be attributed to their protective effects on oxidative damage of the brain tissue.

Effect of Sanguisorba Minor on Scopolamine-induced Memory Loss in Rat: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Acetylcholinesterase

“…Consistent with our ndings, some previous investigations have also reported the cognition-impairing effects of scopolamine using behavioral tests (Marefati et al 2019;Brinza et al 2021). Accordingly, Hoang showed that the mean latencies and swimming distances increased by the administration of scopolamine (Hoang et al 2020).…”

“…Our data revealed that scopolamine-induced memory loss was accompanied with increase in AChE activity and oxidative stress in the brain tissue. These results are in line with those of the previous studies (Marefati et al 2019;Brinza et al 2021;Boiangiu et al 2020). In this regard, Brinza et al (2021) reported a signi cant reduction in the total antioxidant content along with the increased AChE activity.…”

“…30 min before administrating scopolamine (i.p.). In groups II-VI, a single dose of scopolamine was administered 30 min before conducting each trial in the behavioral tests (Ghasemi et al 2019;Marefati et al 2019;Brinza et al 2021;Hoang et al 2020).…”

Nicotine‐conditioned place preference, reversal learning and social interaction in MK‐801‐induced schizophrenia model: Effects of post‐weaning enriched environment

“…The retention of memory was examined 24 hours after acquisition trials by using a probe trial in which the platform was removed and the tested rat was allowed to explore the pool. Swimming tracks were recorded in all trials using a camera above the centre of the maze and video‐tracking software (Borj Sanat Azma) 52,53 …”

“…Swimming tracks were recorded in all trials using a camera above the centre of the maze and video-tracking software (Borj Sanat Azma). 52,53 The reversal stage started the day after the retention trial. During In all analyses, the interaction term was removed if not significant and P-values for the main effects were then given.…”