The Effects of Supplementation withp-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Caffeine on Metabolic, Lipolytic, and Cardiovascular Responses during Resistance Exercise

Ratamess, Nicholas A.; Bush, Jill A.; Kang, Jie; Kraemer, William J.; Stohs, Sidney J.; Nocera, V.; Leise, Megan D.; Diamond, Keith B.; Campbell, Sara C.; Miller, Howard B.; Faigenbaum, Avery D.

doi:10.1080/07315724.2016.1150223

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…For example, Ratamass and colleagues [31] reported that ingestion of 100 mg of p -synephrine increased lipolysis primarily at rest as well as post-exercise oxygen uptake, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation. Sale et al [33] reported that ingesting a supplement containing 6 mg of p- synephrine, 150 mg caffeine, and 150 mg catechin polyphenols increased resting and exercise carbohydrate oxidation rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance

Jung

Earnest

Koozehchian

et al. 2017

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement (PWS) with and without p-synephrine (S) on perceptions of readiness to perform, cognitive function, exercise performance, and markers of safety.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind, and counterbalanced manner; 25 healthy and recreationally active male and female participants ingested a flavored maltodextrin placebo (PLA), a PWS containing beta-alanine (3 g), creatine nitrate as a salt (2 g), arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (2 g), N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine (300 mg), caffeine (284 mg), Mucuna pruiriens extract standardized for 15% L-Dopa (15 mg), Vitamin C as Ascorbic Acid (500 mg), niacin (60 mg), folate as folic acid (50 mg), and Vitamin B12 as Methylcobalamin (70 mg) with 2 g of maltodextrin and flavoring; or, the PWS with Citrus aurantium (PWS + S) extract standardized for 30% p-synephrine (20 mg). Participants had heart rate (HR), blood pressure, resting energy expenditure (REE), 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG), perceptions about readiness to perform, cognitive function (Stroop Color-Word test), bench and leg press performance (2 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM and 1 set to failure), and Wingate anaerobic capacity (WAC) sprint performance determined as well as donated blood samples prior to and/or following exercise/supplementation. Data were analyzed by MANOVA with repeated measures as well as mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsNo clinically significant differences were observed among treatments in HR, blood pressure, ECG, or general clinical blood panels. There was evidence that PWS and PWS + S ingestion promoted greater changes in REE responses. Participants reported higher perception of optimism about performance and vigor and energy with PWS and PWS + S ingestion and there was evidence that PWS and PWS + S improved changes in cognitive function scores from baseline to a greater degree than PLA after 1 or 2 h. However, the scores in the PWS + S treatment did not exceed PLA or PWS responses at any data point. No statistically significant differences were observed among treatments in total bench press lifting volume, leg press lifting volume or WAC sprint performance.ConclusionsWithin the confines of this study, ingestion of PWS and/or PWS + S prior to exercise appears to be well-tolerated when consumed by young, healthy individuals. The primary effects appear to be to increase REE responses and improve perceptions about readiness to perform and cognitive function with limited to no effects on muscular endurance and WAC. The addition of 20 mg of p-synephrine to the PWS provided limited to no additive benefits.Trial registrationThis trial (NCT02952014) was retrospectively registered on September 13th 2016.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance

Jung

Earnest

Koozehchian

et al. 2017

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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“…On the other hand, if p-synephrine is expected to mobilize fatty acids from other tissues (e.g., adipose tissue), no coordinated stimulation of their oxidation can be expected in the liver except that one given by its increased availability. Modest increases in the levels of circulating nonesterified fatty acids by p-synephrine have indeed been suggested to occur in humans based on the finding that administration of the drug resulted in higher glycerol levels [27]. It should be noted, however, that with reference to the ingestion of C. aurantium extracts, an extra stimulation of the oxidation of exogenous fatty acids in the liver could be expected, in theory at least, by virtue of their contents in p-octopamine [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Action of p-Synephrine on Lipid Metabolism in the Perfused Rat Liver

Silva-Pereira¹,

Valoto²,

Bracht³

et al. 2017

JBM

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Abstractp-synephrine and p-octopamine were found to increase lipolysis in adipocytes. The present study approaches the question if these compounds, natural products of the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium fruit), increase lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Experiments were done in the perfused rat liver. Non-recirculating hemoglobin-free perfusion was done using the Krebs/ Henseleit-bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) as perfusion fluid. Both p-synephrine and p-octopamine, at the concentrations of 100 µM, were found to stimulate the hepatic triacylglycerol lipase by 40% and 51%, respectively. These seem to be the maximal stimulations possible in the liver. In the perfused liver, p-synephrine, when present at an initial concentration of 500 µM, was able to increase the non-esterified fatty acid release after one hour of recirculating perfusion. The effects of p-synephrine on the oxidation of exogenously sup-

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“…9 p-Synephrine augments lipolysis, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation at rest and during the latter stages of recovery (ie, 30 minutes) following acute resistance exercise. 4,10 It has also been shown to increase energy and appetite control. 14,15 Caffeine has been shown to increase alertness and wakefulness, feelings of well-being, concentration and focus, and mood.…”

Section: P-synephrinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various effects on lipid metabolism, 10,24,25,57 metabolic rate, 52,58 sport performance, 4 and energy production 11 have been demonstrated at these doses, as well as higher doses of p-synephrine that do not produce cardiovascular effects. 4,10,11,24,25,52,57,58 Therefore, adequate blood levels are achieved to produce these effects without cardiovascular effects. The question remains whether cardiovascular effects can be attained at doses of p-synephrine >100 mg. To date, doses of up to 100 mg p-synephrine per day for 60 days have been shown to be without adverse effects.…”

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Effects of p-synephrine in combination with caffeine: a review

Stohs¹,

Ratamess²

2017

NDS

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Abstract:This review summarizes the current research involving p-synephrine in combination with caffeine. Over 30 clinical human studies with in excess of 700 subjects, and animal and in vitro studies have assessed the safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary active constituent p-synephrine. Approximately 35% of these human subjects concurrently consumed caffeine, a stimulant thermogenic agent. In these clinical investigations, no serious adverse effects were reported or observed when using the combination of p-synephrine with caffeine. Animal studies with exceedingly high doses of p-synephrine in combination with caffeine support and affirm the human studies. The results of studies conducted to date indicate that p-synephrine does not augment the cardiovascular effects of caffeine or produce cardiovascular effects at commonly used doses. These observations can be explained on the basis of in vitro mechanistic studies.

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The Effects of Supplementation withp-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Caffeine on Metabolic, Lipolytic, and Cardiovascular Responses during Resistance Exercise

Abstract: Supplementation with S and SCF increases lipolysis primarily at rest and increases VO, EE, and fat oxidation rates 30 minutes following RE. No HR changes were observed unless caffeine was added.

Cited by 36 publications

References 47 publications

Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance

Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance

The Action of <i>p</i>-Synephrine on Lipid Metabolism in the Perfused Rat Liver

Effects of <em>p</em>-synephrine in combination with caffeine: a review

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The Effects of Supplementation withp-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Caffeine on Metabolic, Lipolytic, and Cardiovascular Responses during Resistance Exercise

Abstract: Supplementation with S and SCF increases lipolysis primarily at rest and increases VO, EE, and fat oxidation rates 30 minutes following RE. No HR changes were observed unless caffeine was added.

Cited by 36 publications

References 47 publications

Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance

Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance

The Action of &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;-Synephrine on Lipid Metabolism in the Perfused Rat Liver

Effects of <em>p</em>-synephrine in combination with caffeine: a review

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The Action of <i>p</i>-Synephrine on Lipid Metabolism in the Perfused Rat Liver