“…Research on learning and memory and the literature on L2 vocabulary learning in particular, show that successful L2 IVL is contingent on three factors: noticing and processing of the meaning of unfamiliar words, and repetition of the form-meaning mapping (Hulstijn, Sercu, & Lutjeharms, 2009, p. 114). Related studies suggest that elaborate processing of lexical information is conducive to word learning, which can find strong evidence from the following theories as noticing, depth of processing, and task-induced involvement (Craik, 2002;Craik & Tulving, 1975;, Reynolds, 2014Teng, 2017).…”