The effects of television advertisements for junk food versus nutritious food on children's food attitudes and preferences

Dixon, Helen; Scully, Maree; Wakefield, Melanie; White, Victoria; Crawford, David

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.011

Cited by 290 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Randomized experiments with children in preschool and first grade have shown that children experimentally exposed even to relatively few commercials are more likely than unexposed children to have positive attitudes toward and to choose the advertised foods over alternatives. [50][51][52][53] Moreover, 1 study found that children exposed to advertising were also more likely than were participants in a control group to choose nonadvertised sugary foods. 52 The effect of the advertising was thus not limited to the specifically advertised brands but had a more general adverse influence on their food choices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Television Content Type and Obesity in Children

2010

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Objectives. We tested the associations of content types of children's television viewing with subsequent body mass index (BMI) to assess the plausibility of different causal pathways. Methods. We used time-use diary data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to measure television viewing categorized by format and educational and commercial content. Analyses were stratified by age because children younger than 7 years are less able to understand the persuasive intent of advertising. BMI z scores in 2002 were regressed on television viewing, sociodemographic variables, mother's BMI, and BMI in 1997 (for older children only). Results. Among children aged 0 to 6 years in 1997, commercial viewing in 1997 was significantly associated with BMI z scores in 2002 in fully adjusted regressions. Among children older than 6 years, commercial viewing in 2002 was associated with 2002 BMI. These results were robust after adjustment for exercise and eating while watching television. Conclusions. The evidence does not support the contention that television viewing contributes to obesity because it is a sedentary activity. Television advertising, rather than viewing per se, is associated with obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Television Content Type and Obesity in Children

2010

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“…The average sample size was 1184 (range 66-6235). Study quality scores for studies (K) including children ranged from 2/16 to 9/16, median=8 (scores: 9: K=3 [20][21][22] Television viewing was the most commonly assessed sedentary behavior in association with dietary intake, studied in 19 samples (79%). Twenty-five dietary behaviors were identified, and for brevity dietary behaviors that were studied most often and dietary behaviors that are important in their contribution to the healthfulness of overall diet were tabulated (Table 3).…”

Section: Associations Between Sedentary Behavior and Diet In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedentary Behavior and Dietary Intake in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

Pearson

Biddle

2011

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

523

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Context: Sedentary behavior is implicated in youth and adult overweight and obesity. However, the relationship between sedentary behavior and weight status is often small or inconsistent with few studies controlling for confounding factors such as diet and physical activity. Diet has been hypothesized to co-vary with some sedentary behaviors. It is opportune, therefore, to review whether dietary intake is associated with sedentary behavior in young people and adults. This may allow for better interpretation of the diversity of findings concerning sedentary behavior and weight status.Evidence acquisition: Published English language studies were located from computerized and manual searches in early 2010. Included studies were observational studies assessing an association between at least one sedentary behavior and at least one aspect of dietary intake in children (<11 years), and/or adolescents (12-18 years), and/or adults (>18 years).Evidence synthesis: 53 studies (k), totaling 111 independent samples were eligible for this review. Sedentary behavior in children (k=19; independent samples=24), adolescents (k=26; independent samples=72), and adults (k=11; independent samples=14) appears to be clearly associated with elements of a less healthy diet including lower fruit and vegetable consumption, higher consumption of energy-dense snacks, drinks and fast foods, and higher total energy intake. Strength of associations were mainly in the range of small-to-moderate. Conclusions:The association drawn mainly from cross-sectional studies is that sedentary behavior, usually assessed as screen time and predominantly TV viewing, is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviors in children, adolescents and adults. Interventions need to be developed that target reductions in sedentary time to test whether diet also changes. ContextSedentary behavior is rapidly emerging as an important issue in public health. Researchers are now investigating the role of sedentary behavior in diverse health outcomes. Typically, researchers have defined 'sedentary' as not meeting a criterion level of physical activity.However, by sedentary behavior we are referring to very low levels of energy expenditure through sitting and lying. Excessive sitting time is essentially the main concern for sedentary behavior researchers. 1,2 Studies are now showing associations between sedentary behavior (usually assessed as screen-based behaviors such as TV and computer use), and a range of health outcomes, including all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, 3, 4 adverse metabolic profile, 5 and obesity. 6 However, relationships are not always consistent across age, gender or health outcomes. For example, while there has been a longstanding assumption that TV viewing in youth is associated with overweight and obesity, 7 a meta-analysis of mainly cross-sectional studies found that the strength of such an association was actually very small. 8 Moreover, a review of sedentary behavior intervention studies showed inconsistent weight loss for young people. 9 ...

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“…Range of actions to reduce the impact of children's exposure to advertising for foods HFSS Nineteen studies provided evidence for statutory actions to reduce the volume, exposure or other negative impacts of advertising for foods HFSS to children (Adams et al, 2012;Cecchini et al, 2010;Chou et al, 2008;Dhar and Baylis, 2011;Dixon et al, 2007;Ferguson et al, 2012;Goldberg, 1990;Gorn and Goldberg, 1982;Haby et al, 2006;Kelly et al, 2007;Kim et al, 2012;Magnus et al, 2009;Ofcom 2006Ofcom , 2008Ofcom , 2010Potvin Kent et al, 2011a, 2012Taras and Gage, 1995;Veerman et al, 2009). Actions included total bans on all advertising, bans on advertising of foods HFSS during specific hours, length of advertisements, and advertising of healthy food products, with the aim of reducing the volume of, and children's exposure to, advertising of foods HFSS, Body Mass Index, health costs, and improving diet.…”

Section: Overview Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%