The effects of tempe fermented with Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizopus oryzae, or Rhizopus stolonifer on the colonic luminal environment in rats

Tempeh: A semicentennial review on its health benefits, fermentation, safety, processing, sustainability, and affordability

“…Rhizopus oryzae is autotrophic to vitamin B2 and vitamin B3 (Roelofsen & Talens, 1964). Supplementation of tempeh fermented using R. oryzae decreased cecal Enterobacteriaceae content, increased cecal propionate and acetate contents in rats (Yang et al., 2018), as well as decreased free cholesterol level in the livers of rats fed with a high‐fat diet (Kameda et al., 2018).…”

“…In rats fed with a high‐fat diet, only supplementation of tempeh fermented with R. stolonifer improved liver function by significantly suppressing serum aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, and ammonium levels (Kameda et al., 2018). Supplementation of R. stolonifer tempeh also improved gut health in rats by increasing the amounts of Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , propionate, and acetate, as well as decreasing cecal Enterobacteriaceae and Akkermansia muciniphila levels (Yang et al., 2018). Rhizopus stolonifer can form vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and vitamin B6 (Keuth & Bisping, 1993).…”

“…Different tempeh fungi resulted in different gut health effects. In male SD rats fed a high‐fat diet (mean body weight: 109 g), a 3‐week supplementation of 20% tempeh fermented with R. stolonifer (9, 10, 12, 14, and 15 g/rat on days 1, 2 to 4, 5 to 7, 8 to 12, and 13 to 21, respectively) increased the cecal numbers of A. muciniphila , Bifidobacterium , and Lactobacillus , whereas that of tempeh fermented with R. microsporus increased the level of A. muciniphila and fecal mucin (Yang et al., 2018). Both forms of tempeh as well as the tempeh fermented with R. oryzae decreased the cecal numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and increased cecal propionate and acetate levels (Yang et al., 2018).…”

Comparison of Bioactive Components in Tempeh Produced by Three Different <i>Rhizopus</i> Starters and Immunomodulatory Effect of Tempeh on Atopic Dermatitis Mice

“…Soluble dietary fibers, particularly LMWSDFs such as oligosaccharides, improve the cecal microflora (Morishita, 1999). The growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and increased n-butyrate and propionate in the rat cecal have been reported after consumption of 20 % tempeh Rs for 21 days (Yang et al, 2018). Cellulose nanofiber (CN) increased short-chain fatty acid production in vitro using human feces and increased bacterial diversity and Lactobacillaceae in mice fed a high-fat diet (Nagano et al, 2020a;Nsor-Atindana et al, 2020).…”

“…Isoflavone aglycones, peptides, free amino acids, and gammaaminobutyric acid are present in larger amounts in tempeh compared to in unfermented soybean (Aoki et al, 2003a;Baumann et al, 1991;Kameda et al, 2018a;Kameda et al, 2018b;Matsumoto and Imai, 1990). Tempeh has various physiological effects, which include modulating the colonic environment (Utama et al, 2013), improving lipid metabolism (Watanabe et al, 2006), promoting calcium absorption (Watanabe et al, 2008), reducing elevated systolic blood pressure in rats (Aoki et al, 2003b), and increasing the amounts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the rat cecum (Yang et al, 2018).…”