The effects of temperature on the electrochemical performance of sodium–nickel chloride batteries

Lu, Xiaochuan; Li, Guosheng; Kim, Jin Y.; Lemmon, John P.; Sprenkle, Vincent; Yang, Zhenguo

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.020

Cited by 94 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Further decrease in the voltage caused the second-step discharge involved. As discussed previously, the precipitous voltage drop was related to either diffusion limitation in the NaAlCl 4 catholyte or poor sodium wetting in the anode at low temperatures 24 . Since the main differences between the current two cells were different anodes along with treated or untreated BASE (that is, sodium wettability), it can be concluded that the gradual voltage drop at the end of discharge in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Figure 3 shows the cycling performance of Na-NiCl 2 cells with Na-Cs and pure sodium anodes at 175°C. The cells were cycled between 26 and 83% of cell capacity (for example, 160 mAh), as described previously 24 . The SOC (state of charge) of 26-83% was selected based on the fact that, when the cell is overcharged to an SOC of 80% or above, the cell voltage is typically around 2.8 V or higher, and the overcharge may lead to electrochemical reactions between Ni and NaAlCl 4 catholyte, which eventually will cause battery performance degradation during long-term cycling 7 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to our previous results, the cycling window gradually shifted to the more discharged state due to higher cell resistance at 175°C (ref. 24). Therefore, in the current study, the cells were cycled in a two-step charge/discharge process to maintain the capacity window.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BASE discs were prepared using a vapour phase process as described previously 7,24,32,36,37 . a-Al 2 O 3 (Almatis, 499.8%), yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (8YSZ, UCM Advanced Ceramics), dispersant (Phospholan PS-236, Akzo Nobel), solvent (methyl ethyl ketone/ethanol), plasticizer (benzyl butyl phthalate, Aldrich), and binder (Butvar B-79) were thoroughly mixed to make a slurry.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single cells were fabricated as described previously 24,32,36,37 . BASE discs with a diameter of 26 mm were glass-sealed to a-Al 2 O 3 rings with an active cell area of B3 cm 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid-metal electrode to enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage

et al. 2014

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Commercial sodium-sulphur or sodium-metal halide batteries typically need an operating temperature of 300-350°C, and one of the reasons is poor wettability of liquid sodium on the surface of beta alumina. Here we report an alloying strategy that can markedly improve the wetting, which allows the batteries to be operated at much lower temperatures. Our combined experimental and computational studies suggest that addition of caesium to sodium can markedly enhance the wettability. Single cells with Na-Cs alloy anodes exhibit great improvement in cycling life over those with pure sodium anodes at 175 and 150°C. The cells show good performance even at as low as 95°C. These results demonstrate that sodium-beta alumina batteries can be operated at much lower temperatures with successfully solving the wetting issue. This work also suggests a strategy to use liquid metals in advanced batteries that can avoid the intrinsic safety issues associated with dendrite formation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single cells were fabricated as described previously 24,32,36,37 . BASE discs with a diameter of 26 mm were glass-sealed to a-Al 2 O 3 rings with an active cell area of B3 cm 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid-metal electrode to enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage

et al. 2014

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Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

Hueso

Palomares

Singh

et al. 2015

Handbook of Clean Energy Systems

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Sodium–sulfur (Na–S) battery technology has high potential for energy storage and load leveling in power systems, and it is one of the most developed types of high temperature battery. Owing to outstanding energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge, low materials cost, and cycle life of up to 15 years, Na–S batteries are attractive for their use in relatively large‐scale energy storage system applications. However, there are several challenges to overcome for the safe operation of Na–S batteries, mostly related to the high operation temperatures. In this sense, the development of new solid electrolytes that possess high ionic conductivities at intermediate or room temperature is crucial. β‐Alumina and NASICON structure electrolytes are revised, and new alternatives, such as ceramic/polymer composites, are also gathered. There also exists novel focus on Na–S technology in order to increase the obtained capacity and cyclability consisting of using nanostructured carbon to host sulfur or to bind it to a polymer. In addition, hybrid technologies combining Na–S with ZEBRA or oxygen rocking‐chair batteries are currently arising as alternative storage devices. As Na–S technology was introduced in the mid‐1970s, a number of different patents have been developed. Trends observed in the new patents are twofold: on the one hand, they aim to integrate these batteries into the electrical grid in order to compensate the fluctuations of renewable energies; on the other hand, they show battery component improvements in order to obtain lower operating temperatures.

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High‐Temperature Battery Technologies: Na‐S

Palomares¹,

Hueso²,

Armand³

et al. 2020

Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry

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Sodium–sulfur (Na‐S) battery technology is one of the most developed types of high‐temperature battery, due to its considerable potential for energy storage and load leveling in power systems. These systems are eligible for use in large‐scale energy storage system applications due to their outstanding energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge, low materials cost, and long life cycle of up to 15 years. However, several challenges must be overcome to ensure the safe operation of Na‐S batteries – mostly related to the reduction of the high operation temperatures. For this purpose, it is critical to develop new solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity at room temperature. Taking this into account, ceramic/polymer composites are good candidates to achieve this goal. However, it is important to note an increase of capacity and cyclability is also desirable for Na‐S technology, and one of the strategies used to address this issue is the use of nanostructured carbon to host sulfur or to bind it to a polymer. Since the inception of Na‐S technology in the mid‐1970s, several patents have been developed. Analysis of these patents indicate that, on the one hand they aim to integrate these systems into the electrical grid to compensate the fluctuations of power demand and supply, especially of renewable energies, while on the other hand they show battery component improvements to achieve lower operating temperatures.

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The effects of temperature on the electrochemical performance of sodium–nickel chloride batteries

Cited by 94 publications

References 15 publications

Liquid-metal electrode to enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage

Liquid-metal electrode to enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage

Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

High‐Temperature Battery Technologies: Na‐S

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