The Effects of Temperature Upon the Extrinsion Incubation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Mosquitoes1

Chamberlain, Roy W.; Sudia, W. D.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119780

Cited by 44 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Increases in adult-holding temperatures have usually been associated with enhanced vector competence. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, some studies have identified reduced vector competence and activity in nature associated with increases in temperature (western equine encephalitis virus [WEEV] and St. Louis encephalitis virus [SLEV]). [28][29][30][31] Additionally, cool rearing temperature of the immature stages may be associated with reduced virus infection and dissemination in the adult stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32,33 It has long been recognized that increases in temperature reduce the extrinsic incubation period (the time from initial acquisition of pathogens until transmission is possible). 19,20 However, environmental temperature may also influence the expression of modulation, limiting virus replication and dissemination. 28 Along the same lines, increases in temperature reduce the adult lifespan of mosquitoes and may impinge transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature and Dengue Virus Infection in Mosquitoes: Independent Effects on the Immature and Adult Stages

Alto

Bettinardi²

2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

161

137

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Abstract. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting biological processes of mosquitoes, including their interactions with viruses. In these studies, we show independent effects of rearing temperature on the immature aquatic stages and holding temperature on the adult terrestrial stage in terms of alterations in adult survival and progression of dengue-1 virus infection in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. Our studies show that adult survival was determined by adult-holding temperature, regardless of rearing conditions of the immature stages. In contrast, spread of virus throughout the body of the mosquito, a pre-requisite for transmission, was reduced when the immature stages were reared in cool conditions. These results show that immature-rearing temperature selectively modified mosquito traits that influence competency for viruses, and they further our understanding of the nature of temperature effects on interactions between mosquitoes and virus pathogens and risk of disease transmission.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and Dengue Virus Infection in Mosquitoes: Independent Effects on the Immature and Adult Stages

Alto

Bettinardi²

2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

161

137

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“…Bates and Roca-Garcia 5 in 1946 and Chamberlain and Sudia 6 in 1955 examined the vector competence of Haemagogus sp. and Ae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Aedes aegypti Vector Competence for Dengue Virus under Large Temperature Fluctuations

Carrington¹,

Seifert²,

Armijos³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

105

101

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Abstract. Diurnal temperature fluctuations can fundamentally alter mosquito biology and mosquito-virus interactions in ways that impact pathogen transmission. We investigated the effect of two daily fluctuating temperature profiles on Aedes aegypti vector competence for dengue virus (DENV) serotype-1. A large diurnal temperature range of 18.6 C around a 26 C mean, corresponding with the low DENV transmission season in northwestern Thailand, reduced midgut infection rates and tended to extend the virus extrinsic incubation period. Dissemination was first observed at day 7 under small fluctuations (7.6 C; corresponding with high DENV transmission) and constant control temperature, but not until Day 11 for the large diurnal temperature range. Results indicate that female Ae. aegypti in northwest Thailand are less likely to transmit DENV during the low than high transmission season because of reduced DENV susceptibility and extended virus extrinsic incubation period. Better understanding of DENV transmission dynamics will come with improved knowledge of temperature effects on mosquito-virus interactions.

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“…Other studies have demonstrated the importance of temperature in several vector-virus systems [10][11][12][13] including the vector competence of A. aegypti for DEN-2 virus. 14 A complex phenotypic trait such as vector competence is often assumed to be under the control of multiple genetic loci and influenced to an uncertain extent by environmental factors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative genetics of vector competence for dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti.

Bosio

Beaty²,

Th³

1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

182

217

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Abstract. A quantitative genetic study of the ability of Aedes aegypti to propagate dengue-2 (DEN-2) virus in the midgut and in a disseminated infection in the head was conducted with a standard half-sib breeding design. Aedes aegypti aegypti and A. aegypti formosus differ markedly in oral susceptibility to DEN-2 virus. Mosquitoes were orally infected and, after an extrinsic incubation period of 14 days, virus titer (by tissue culture infectious dose, 50% endpoint) was determined in the midgut (MT) and head (HT). Body size as measured by wing length was not significantly different between infected and uninfected mosquitoes and was not correlated with MT or HT. The heritability for MT in both subspecies was 0.41 and was 0.39 for HT in A. aegypti formosus. In A. aegypti aegypti, HT appeared to be controlled by dominant alleles. The MT was not correlated with HT nor did MT determine whether virus disseminated out of the midgut. These results suggest that it is the barriers to infection and dissemination, independent of virus titer, that determine vector competence for DEN-2 virus.The four serotypes of dengue (DEN) virus are a major public health concern for many tropical regions, each year causing hundreds of thousands of cases of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. 1,2 The primary vector of DEN viruses is the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Subspecies and strains of A. aegypti have been shown to vary phenotypically in their susceptibility to DEN viruses. 3 Aedes aegypti aegypti has a broad geographic distribution, and many studies have shown that it is a more competent vector of flaviviruses than A. aegypti formosus, which is distributed only in sylvan and rural areas of West Africa. 3,4 In a study of the vector competence of A. aegypti for yellow fever (YF) virus, patterns of susceptibility among different populations were correlated with genetic groupings identified by allozyme analysis, suggesting a genetic basis for this variation. 4 Similar phenotypic variation has been seen for DEN viruses in another important vector, A. albopictus. 5 When a mosquito takes a viremic blood meal, the virus encounters several barriers to infection. First, virus must establish an infection in the midgut by overcoming a midgut infection barrier (MIB). Following replication in midgut epithelium, virus must pass through a midgut escape barrier (MEB) and replicate in other tissues (disseminated infection). Finally, virus must infect the salivary glands and be shed in saliva to be transmitted to the next vertebrate host.The genetics of MIB, MEB, and disseminated infection in A. aegypti for DEN virus and other flaviviruses are not well understood. Genetic studies of vector competence to date have primarily used selection protocols to produce susceptible and resistant lines, followed by crossing these lines to analyze the phenotype in F 1 offspring and in some studies, monitoring of susceptibility in F 2 and backcross generations. Miller and Mitchell 6 selected lines of A. aegypti that were completely refractory or highly susceptible to...

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The Effects of Temperature Upon the Extrinsion Incubation of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Mosquitoes1

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Temperature and Dengue Virus Infection in Mosquitoes: Independent Effects on the Immature and Adult Stages

Temperature and Dengue Virus Infection in Mosquitoes: Independent Effects on the Immature and Adult Stages

Reduction of Aedes aegypti Vector Competence for Dengue Virus under Large Temperature Fluctuations

Quantitative genetics of vector competence for dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti.

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