The effects of the FR-3 appliance on the transversal dimension

Effects of the functional regulator III on transversal changes: a postero-anterior cephalometric and model study

“…The present study clearly revealed that buccal shields of FR-3 appliance leaded to an enhanced and supplementary widening of maxillary dental and alveolar structures when compared with those of control group. These findings are in accordance with the studies of Fränkel (1970Fränkel ( , 1974, Fränkel and Fränkel (1989), Owen (1983), Firatli and Ulgen (1996), and Kalavritinos et al (2005) who observed an increase at the maxillary dentoalveolar width. Owen (1983) suggested that function regulator allows a passive expansion of the dental arches.…”

“…All the subjects were in prepubertal and in the mixed or early permanent dentition stages at the beginning of treatment. There is a consensus that treatment with FR-3 should be commenced during the prepubertal ages (Fränkel, 1970;Loh and Kerr, 1985;Ülgen and Firatli, 1994;Firatli and Ulgen, 1996;Baik et al, 2004;Levin et al, 2008). Alveolar width assessment.…”

“…Numerous studies have been carried out to evaluate dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes in sagittal direction, and a great number of them supported the idea that the FR-3 appliance therapy produced a favourable growth effect on the maxilla and surrounding soft tissue structures (Fränkel, 1970;McNamara and Huge, 1985;Kohmura et al,1986;Aytan et al, 1989;Isiksal and Seckin, 1990;Miethke et al, 2003;Falck and Zimmermann-Menzel, 2008;Levin et al, 2008;Kilic et al, 2010). However, the studies on transversal dentoalveolar changes are limited in number, and according to their findings, favourable dentoalveolar effects can be obtained with the FR-3 appliance therapy (Firatli and Ulgen, 1996;Miethke et al, 2003;Kalavritinos et al, 2005). Fränkel (1970), Fränkel (1989), andMcNamara (2002) explained that early treatment with FR-3 appliance offers some opportunities including normal displacement of teeth and facial bones and space gaining in dental arches.…”

“…Most of the studies (Loh and Kerr, 1985;Ülgen and Firatli, 1994;Baik et al, 2004;Kalavritinos et al, 2005;Levin et al 2008) on this subject evaluated the Effects of the functional regulator III on transversal changes: a postero-anterior cephalometric and model study Nihat Kilic*, Mevlüt Celikoglu* and Hüsamettin Oktay** sagittal and vertical effects of the FR-3 appliance. Only a limited number of studies investigated the transversal dentoalveolar changes and demonstrated favourable maxillary dentoalveolar effects produced by FR-3 (Firatli and Ulgen, 1996;Miethke et al, 2003;Kalavritinos et al, 2005). Firatli and Ulgen (1996) found that the FR-3 appliance produced a significant dental and alveolar widening in maxilla, but it did not affect mandibular apical base.…”

“…Only a limited number of studies investigated the transversal dentoalveolar changes and demonstrated favourable maxillary dentoalveolar effects produced by FR-3 (Firatli and Ulgen, 1996;Miethke et al, 2003;Kalavritinos et al, 2005). Firatli and Ulgen (1996) found that the FR-3 appliance produced a significant dental and alveolar widening in maxilla, but it did not affect mandibular apical base. According to our knowledge, however, no study has conducted to evaluate if the FR-3 appliance stimulate the growth of maxillary apical base.…”