The Effects of the Introduction of a High-Nutrient Transitional Formula on Growth and Development of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Worrell, Lindsay A.; Thorp, James W.; Tucker, Richard; McKinley, Leslie T.; Chen, James; Chng, Yi-Mei; Vohr, Betty R.

doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7210680

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Three studies evaluated the effect of nutrient fortification [32,46,56]. Clarke et al compared the effect of nutrient-dense formula with the energy-supplemented formula on weight and length gain among infants with growth faltering (range: 2-31 wk) [32].…”

Section: Nutrient Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clarke et al compared the effect of nutrient-dense formula with the energy-supplemented formula on weight and length gain among infants with growth faltering (range: 2-31 wk) [32]. Another group studied the effect of nutrient-fortified formula (higher protein, calcium, phosphorous, and other vitamins and minerals) with standard formula among VLBW infants [56]. Both studies reported no effect on anthropometric outcomes.…”

Section: Nutrient Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review

Rana

McGrath²,

Gupta

et al. 2020

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

(1) Introduction: Current evidence on managing infants under six months with growth failure or other nutrition-related risk is sparse and low quality. This review aims to inform research priorities to fill this evidence gap, focusing on breastfeeding practices. (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Cochrane Library for studies on feeding interventions that aim to restore or improve the volume or quality of breastmilk and breastfeeding when breastfeeding practices are sub-optimal or prematurely stopped. We included studies from both low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. (3) Results: Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were from high-income countries (n = 35, 74.5%) and included infants who were at risk of growth failure at birth (preterm infants/small for gestational age) and newborns with early growth faltering. Interventions included formula fortification or supplementation (n = 31, 66%), enteral feeds (n = 8, 17%), cup feeding (n = 2, 4.2%), and other (n = 6, 12.8%). Outcomes included anthropometric change (n = 40, 85.1%), reported feeding practices (n = 16, 34%), morbidity (n = 11, 23.4%), and mortality (n = 5, 10.6%). Of 31 studies that assessed formula fortification or supplementation, 30 reported anthropometric changes (n = 17 no effect, n = 9 positive, n = 4 mixed), seven morbidity (n = 3 no effect, n = 2 positive, n = 2 negative), five feeding (n = 2 positive, n = 2 no effect, n = 1 negative), and four mortality (n = 3 no effect, n = 1 negative). Of eight studies that assessed enteral feed interventions, seven reported anthropometric changes (n = 4 positive, n = 3 no effect), five feeding practices (n = 2 positive, n = 2 no effect, n = 1 negative), four morbidity (n = 4 no effect), and one reported mortality (n = 1 no effect). Overall, interventions with positive effects on feeding practices were cup feeding compared to bottle-feeding among preterm; nasogastric tube feed compared to bottle-feeding among low birth weight preterm; and early progressive feeding compared to delayed feeding among extremely low birth weight preterm. Bovine/cow milk feeding and high volume feeding interventions had an unfavourable effect, while electric breast pump and Galactagogue had a mixed effect. Regarding anthropometric outcomes, overall, macronutrient fortified formula, cream supplementation, and fortified human milk formula had a positive effect (weight gain) on preterm infants. Interventions comparing human breastmilk/donor milk with formula had mixed effects. Overall, only human milk compared to formula intervention had a positive effect on morbidity among preterm infants, while none of the interventions had any positive effect on mortality. Bovine/cow milk supplementation had unfavourable effects on both morbidity and mortality. (4) Conclusion: Future research should prioritise low- and middle-income countries, include infants presenting with growth failure in the post-neonatal period and record effects on morbidity and mortality outcomes.

show abstract

Section: Nutrient Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nutrient Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review

Rana

McGrath²,

Gupta

et al. 2020

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…After discharge from the hospital, preterm-LBW infants might be fed one of the commercially available formulas containing nutrients at levels that are intermediary between preterm formula and term formula and have been referred to as "transitional," "expremie," "follow-up," and "postdischarge" formulas (Georgieff, 1999;Lucas et al, 1992). The use of these formulas has increased significantly since the mid-1990s (Worrel et al, 2000). In 1992, Lucas et al (1992) reported that U. K. preterm infants (n ϭ 16) fed an enriched formula until 9 months (corrected postnatal age) had greater weight gain and linear growth than did similar preterm infants (n ϭ 15) fed standard term formula after discharge.…”

Section: Feeding At Homementioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Requirements For Preterm Infant Formulas

Klein

2002

The Journal of Nutrition

328

231

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Achieving appropriate growth and nutrient accretion of preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants is often difficult during hospitalization because of metabolic and gastrointestinal immaturity and other complicating medical conditions. Advances in the care of preterm-LBW infants, including improved nutrition, have reduced mortality rates for these infants from 9.6 to 6.2% from 1983 to 1997. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has responsibility for ensuring the safety and nutritional quality of infant formulas based on current scientific knowledge. Consequently, under FDA contract, an ad hoc Expert Panel was convened by the Life Sciences Research Office of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences to make recommendations for the nutrient content of formulas for preterm-LBW infants based on current scientific knowledge and expert opinion. Recommendations were developed from different criteria than that used for recommendations for term infant formula. To ensure nutrient adequacy, the Panel considered intrauterine accretion rate, organ development, factorial estimates of requirements, nutrient interactions and supplemental feeding studies. Consideration was also given to long-term developmental outcome. Some recommendations were based on current use in domestic preterm formula. Included were recommendations for nutrients not required in formula for term infants such as lactose and arginine. Recommendations, examples, and sample calculations were based on a 1000 g preterm infant consuming 120 kcal/kg and 150 mL/d of an 810 kcal/L formula. A summary of recommendations for energy and 45 nutrient components of enteral formulas for preterm-LBW infants are presented. Recommendations for five nutrient:nutrient ratios are also presented. In addition, critical areas for future research on the nutritional requirements specific for preterm-LBW infants are identified.

show abstract

“…Unfortunately, this goal is rarely achieved because of chronic undernutrition and poor growth345). Neonatal nutrition and the resulting postnatal growth are major determinants of short- and long-term outcomes for preterm infants678).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postdischarge growth assessment in very low birth weight infants

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PurposeThe goal of nutritional support for very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants from birth to term is to match the in utero growth rates; however, this is rarely achieved.MethodsWe evaluated postdischarge growth patterns and growth failure in 81 Korean VLBW infants through a retrospective study. Weight and height were measured and calculated based on age percentile distribution every 3 months until age 24 months. Growth failure was defined as weight and height below the 10th percentile at 24 months. For the subgroup analysis, small-for-gestational age (SGA) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants were evaluated. The growth patterns based on the Korean, World Health Organization (WHO), or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standard were serially compared over time.ResultsAt postconception age (PCA) 40 weeks, 47 (58%) and 45 infants (55%) showed growth failure in terms of weight and height, respectively. At PCA 24 months, 20 infants (24%) showed growth failure for weight and 14 (18%) for height. Growth failure rates were higher for the SGA infants than for the appropriate-weight-for-gestational age infants at PCA 24 months (P=0.045 for weight and P=0.038 for height). Growth failure rates were higher for the ELBW infants than for the non-ELBW infants at PCA 24 months (P<0.001 for weight and P=0.003 for height). Significant differences were found among the WHO, CDC, and Korean standards (P<0.001).ConclusionAdvancements in neonatal care have improved the catch-up growth of VLBW infants, but this is insufficient. Careful observation and aggressive interventions, especially in SGA and ELBW infants, are needed.

show abstract

The Effects of the Introduction of a High-Nutrient Transitional Formula on Growth and Development of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review

Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review

Nutrient Requirements For Preterm Infant Formulas

Postdischarge growth assessment in very low birth weight infants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About