The effects of total dissolved solids on egg fertilization and water hardening in two salmonids—Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma)

Brix, Kevin V.; Gerdes, Robert M.; Curry, Nathan; Kasper, Amanda; Grosell, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.011

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although egg quality was good, the motility of the sperm was absent in six of the eight male samples, and fair-topoor in the other two samples. As a result, the milt was not expected to be sufficiently motile for the wet fertilization test, since this procedure requires actively swimming milt to accomplish fertilization (Brix et al 2010). The milt from the two males that produced some motility was used to initiate the dry fertilization test using eggs from four females.…”

Section: Adult Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wet fertilization was performed using procedures adapted from Brix et al (2010) and Stekoll et al (2009). For each replicate, 30 eggs were placed on one side of a 175 mL glass dish and 20 lL of milt was delivered using a pipette to the other side of the container; there was no opportunity for the milt to contact the eggs or ovarian fluid prior to introduction of the test solution.…”

Section: Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most sensitive endpoint was fertilization of coho salmon, which was impaired in TDS concentrations as low as 250 mg/L. However, reported that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were relatively insensitive to TDS, with no adverse effects on embryo development or growth of fry at TDS concentrations as high as 2000 mg/L, & James R. Elphick james@nautilusenvironmental.com and Brix et al (2010) reported no adverse effect on fertilization of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) in TDS concentrations of up to 2782 and 1817 mg/L, respectively. In addition to large differences in sensitivity between species of salmonids, Stekoll et al (2009) also reported significant differences between brood years for coho salmon, which they speculated was related to sub-population differences within species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to large differences in sensitivity between species of salmonids, Stekoll et al (2009) also reported significant differences between brood years for coho salmon, which they speculated was related to sub-population differences within species. Brix et al (2010) identified the importance of time between expression of milt from the adult male and use of that milt in fertilizing eggs in successfully conducting tests on salmonid fertilization. They suggested that variability and poor control performance in some exposures conducted by Stekoll et al (2009), as well as unusual dose-responses that they had observed in their own study, may have been related to differing holding times for milt, with extended holding times resulting in poor milt quality and confounding results.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They suggested that variability and poor control performance in some exposures conducted by Stekoll et al (2009), as well as unusual dose-responses that they had observed in their own study, may have been related to differing holding times for milt, with extended holding times resulting in poor milt quality and confounding results. Brix et al (2010) reported that poor milt quality related to extended holding time resulted in poor dose responses and likely caused increased sensitivity of salmonid fertilization to TDS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Total Dissolved Solids on Fertilization and Development of Two Salmonid Species

Baker

Elphick

McPherson

et al. 2015

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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Some studies have shown that the early life stages of salmonids are particularly sensitive to elevated concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS). We evaluated the effect of TDS released in treated effluent into Snap Lake (Northwest Territories, Canada) by the Snap Lake Diamond Mine on two salmonids native to Snap Lake: Salvenius namaycush (lake trout) and Thymallus arcticus (Arctic grayling). Exposures encompassed the embryo-alevin-fry early life stages and extended to 142 days for lake trout and 69 days for Arctic grayling. Such extended testing is uncommon with these two species. Two exposures were conducted with each species, one initiated prior to fertilization, and the other subsequent to fertilization. Fertilization, survival, and growth were not adversely affected for either species by TDS at concentrations >1400 mg/L, with the exception of survival of lake trout, which produced an LC20 of 991 mg/L in one test, and >1484 mg/L in the second test. For the specific TDS composition tested, which was dominated by chloride (45 %-47 %) and calcium (20 %-21 %), the early life stages of these two fish species were relatively insensitive. Although some authors have suggested lower TDS regulatory limits for salmonid early life stages, our study indicates that this is not necessary, at least for these two fish species and for the specific ionic composition tested.

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Section: Adult Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Total Dissolved Solids on Fertilization and Development of Two Salmonid Species

Baker

Elphick

McPherson

et al. 2015

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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Development of a total dissolved solids (TDS) chronic effects benchmark for a northern Canadian lake

Chapman

McPherson

2015

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Laboratory chronic toxicity tests with plankton, benthos, and fish early life stages were conducted with total dissolved solids (TDS) at an ionic composition specific to Snap Lake (Northwest Territories, Canada), which receives treated effluent from the Snap Lake Diamond Mine. Snap Lake TDS composition has remained consistent from 2007 to 2014 and is expected to remain unchanged through the life of the mine: Cl (45%-47%), Ca (20%-21%), Na (10%-11%), sulfate (9%); carbonate (5%-7%), nitrate (4%), Mg (2%-3%), and minor contributions from K and fluoride. The TDS concentrations that resulted in negligible effects (i.e., 10% or 20% effect concentrations) to taxa representative of resident biota ranged from greater than 1100 to greater than 2200 mg/L, with the exception of a 21% effect concentration of 990 mg/L for 1 of 2 early life stage fish dry fertilization tests (wet fertilization results were >1480 mg/L). A conservative, site-specific, chronic effects benchmark for Snap Lake TDS of 1000 mg/L was derived, below the lowest negligible effect concentration for the most sensitive resident taxon tested, the cladoceran, Daphnia magna (>1100 mg/L). Cladocerans typically only constitute a few percent of the zooplankton community and biomass in Snap Lake; other plankton effect concentrations ranged from greater than 1330 to greater than 1510 mg/L. Chironomids, representative of the lake benthos, were not affected by greater than 1380 mg/L TDS. Early life stage tests with 3 fish species resulted in 10% to 20% effect concentrations ranging from greater than 1410 to greater than 2200 mg/L. The testing undertaken is generally applicable to northern freshwaters, and the concept can readily be adapted to other freshwaters either for TDS where ionic composition does not change or for major ionic components, where TDS composition does change.

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Removal of total dissolved solids from wastewater using a revolving algal biofilm reactor

Peng

Kumar

Gross

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprising inorganic salts and organic matters are pollutants of concern to aquatic systems and water for human use. This work aimed to investigate the use of revolving algal biofilm (RAB) reactors as a sustainable and environmental friendly method to remove TDS from industrial effluents and municipal wastewaters. The wastewaters contained chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate as the major components. The RAB reactors fed with synthetic industrial effluent with high TDS level demonstrated the best algal growth, with the highest TDS removal efficiency (27%) and removal rate (2,783 mg/L-day and 19,530 mg/m 2 -day). A suspended algal culture system only removed 3% TDS from the same wastewater. The TDS removal by the RAB reactors was considered due to several mechanisms such as absorption by the algae cells, adsorption by extracellular polymeric substance of the biofilm, and/or precipitation. Collectively, this research shows that the RAB reactors can serve as an efficient system in wastewater remediation for TDS removal. © 2019 Water Environment Federation • Practitioner points• Total dissolved solids (TDS) in wastewater are pollutants of concern. • The RAB reactors can remove TDS from various types of wastewater. • The RAB reactors removed TDS by adsorbing ions elements such as Cl, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and S. • The algal biomass absorbs ions through extracellular polymeric substance.

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The effects of total dissolved solids on egg fertilization and water hardening in two salmonids—Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma)

Cited by 19 publications

References 7 publications

Effect of Total Dissolved Solids on Fertilization and Development of Two Salmonid Species

Effect of Total Dissolved Solids on Fertilization and Development of Two Salmonid Species

Development of a total dissolved solids (TDS) chronic effects benchmark for a northern Canadian lake

Removal of total dissolved solids from wastewater using a revolving algal biofilm reactor

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