The effects of totigestational exposure to ethchlorvynol on development and behavior

Childhood obesity is associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy

“…Long-term effects of maternal smoking in pregnancy on the risk of overweight might be related to long-term effects of nicotine exposure on neurobehavioural impulse control as shown in animal and human studies [7,8,13,19]. A lack of impulse control could be a result of the alterations in the dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems that has been shown to occur in animal models after fetal nicotine treatment [18].…”

Effect of prenatal or perinatal nicotine exposure on neonatal thyroid status and offspring growth in rats

“…Furthermore, a review of the literature reveals that many experimental studies report a decrease in birth weight among offspring following prenatal exposure to nicotine (Slotkin et al, 1986(Slotkin et al, , 1993Vaglenova et al, 2004). Should nicotine be the major component in cigarettes mediating intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight, the current nicotine doses might not be sufficient to mediate such effects on somatic growth and other developmental parameters since some reports suggested that low to moderate doses of nicotine (1.5 to 4.3 mg/kg/day) did not lead to deficits in birth weight (Levin et al, 1993;Peters and Ngan, 1982;Sheng et al, 2001).…”

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and appetite control in offspring

“…Fetal nicotine treatment has been associated with a long lasting alteration in the dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems in animal models [17]. Long term mental effects of nicotine exposure in utero were observed in animal and human studies [8,9,13,18]. Fetal nicotine exposure and subsequent withdrawal therefore might account for a long term lack of impulse control resulting in lower prevalences of poor appetite.…”