The Effects of Transdermal Nicotine Patches on the Cardiorespiratory and Lactate Responses During Exercise from Light to Moderate Intensity: Implications for Exercise Prescription during Smoking Cessation

Abstract

Background and objectives: Exercise can help ease withdrawal symptoms of smokers. However, there is little information about the physiological responses, such as cardiorespiratory and lactate (La) responses, during exercise from light to moderate intensity combined with transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) in smokers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TNPs on the cardiorespiratory and La responses during exercise at light to moderate intensity. Materials and Methods: Fourteen young men (8 non-smokers, 6 current smokers) aged 20 to 26 years participated in this study. They performed an incremental graded submaximal exercise test using an electromagnetic cycle ergometer set from 30 to 210 W with (TNP condition) or without a TNP (control condition) in a random order. The TNP was applied to the left arm 8–10 h prior to starting the exercise to achieve the peak level of blood nicotine concentration. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), and blood La at rest and during exercise were measured and analyzed. Results: The HR at rest was significantly higher in the TNP condition than in the control condition (TNP; 74.7 ± 13.8 bpm, control; 65.3 ± 10.8 bpm, p < 0.001). There was no interaction (condition × exercise intensity) between any of the variables, and VO2, VE, RPE, and La during exercise were not significantly different between the conditions. However, HR during exercise was 6.7 bpm higher on average in the TNP condition. Conclusions: The HR during exercise was greater at light to moderate intensity with a TNP. Our study results will guide clinicians or health professionals when prescribing exercise programs combined with TNPs for healthy young smokers.

Moderate Exercise and Immune Response in Rats: A Model for Cancer Prevention / Exercício Moderado e Resposta Imune em Ratos: Um Modelo para a Prevenção do Câncer

“…Thus, this treadmill running speed and above was taken to represent high intensity activity for the rat. This observation is in broad agreement with the results reported by Kumagai and Nishizumi (21) and Nakagata et al (22). We therefore suggest that moderate intensity exercise can be considered as the running speed of 20 m/min for 8 weeks old rats.…”

Joint association of smoking and physical activity with mortality in elderly hypertensive patients: A Chinese population-based cohort study in 2007–2018

“…(2) Increased level of physical activity may help alleviate the withdrawal symptoms in smokers and increase the success rate of quitting (52,53). Quitting smoking would cause weight gain, which can reduce some people's motivation to quit, especially women.…”

“…The following mechanisms may underlie the interaction between smoking and physical activity: (1) Smoking may increase the risk of CVD and premature deaths by elevating blood lipid and oxidative stress levels, while exercise may help reduce post-prandial oxidative stress in smokers by increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and by improving clearance of blood triglyceride and glucose ( 51 ). (2) Increased level of physical activity may help alleviate the withdrawal symptoms in smokers and increase the success rate of quitting ( 52 , 53 ). Quitting smoking would cause weight gain, which can reduce some people's motivation to quit, especially women.…”