2020
DOI: 10.3390/polym13010116
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The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites

Abstract: The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to bleached NCC (NCC-B). Nanocelluloses were incorporated within polypropylene (PP) as the matrix, together with kenaf core as a main reinforcement and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent via… Show more

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Cited by 88 publications
(49 citation statements)
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References 64 publications
(101 reference statements)
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“…Figures 1 and 2 show basic information about the branches of biocomposites and natural fibres classification. The advantages of natural fibres over synthetic fibres are their recyclability and biodegradability [11][12][13]. The natural fibre market and production are drastically progressing, shifting the focus of science and engineering to PLA composites.…”
Section: Natural Fibrementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Figures 1 and 2 show basic information about the branches of biocomposites and natural fibres classification. The advantages of natural fibres over synthetic fibres are their recyclability and biodegradability [11][12][13]. The natural fibre market and production are drastically progressing, shifting the focus of science and engineering to PLA composites.…”
Section: Natural Fibrementioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to Xue Li [58], chemical treatments also improved interface adhesion between the fiber and the matrix and reduced the absorption of water by fibers. Chemical treatments should also be taken into account when altering the properties of natural fibers [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. Additionally, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, waxes, and water-soluble substances constitute the components of natural fibers [66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73].…”
Section: Region Where Resin Has Poorly Wetted the Fibermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These natural fibres are also eco-friendly and have good mechanical properties; hence, incorporation with a plasticiser is useful in improving the characteristics of the TPS material [8,9]. Various types of natural fibres have been used as reinforcement in polymer composites, including ginger [10,11], kenaf [12][13][14], flax [15], hemp [16], kapok [17], wood [18], water hyacinth [19], cotton [20], sugarcane [21][22][23], corn [24], ramie [25], and sisal [26], as well as sugar palm [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. In addition, beeswax is also known as a good matrix because it is able to reduce the hydrophobicity of starch, which consequently improves processability [37].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%