The Effects of Upholstery Fabric Properties on Fabric Ignitabilities by Smoldering Cigarettes

Dwyer, R.W.; Fournier, Linda G.; Lewis, Leslie S.; Furin, Dawn; Ihrig, Arthur M.; Hudson, William Z.; Honeycutt, Rufus H.; Bunch, John E.

doi:10.1177/073490419401200304

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A previous survey of 500 upholstery fabrics [4][5][6], carried out by the Cigarette Ignition Propensity Joint Venture', indicated that the combination of physical properties (weight, density, air permeability, etc.) of the cotton ducks lies outside those encountered in upholstery fabrics intended for home use.…”

Section: Greensboro Nc 27401mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ignitable fabrics have certain characteristics that separate them from those that do not ignite [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Specifically, they are composed entirely or predominately of cellulosic fibers (cotton, rayon, blends of these two, or perhaps, linen), generally weigh at least 8 oz/yd2, and contain enough sodium or potassium (generally > 1000 ppm) to sustain a smoldering ignition [4][5][6].…”

Section: Experimental Fabric Procurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, they are composed entirely or predominately of cellulosic fibers (cotton, rayon, blends of these two, or perhaps, linen), generally weigh at least 8 oz/yd2, and contain enough sodium or potassium (generally > 1000 ppm) to sustain a smoldering ignition [4][5][6].…”

Section: Experimental Fabric Procurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Upholstery Fabric Properties on Fabric Ignitabilities by Smoldering Cigarettes. II

Dwyer

Fournier

Lewis³

et al. 1995

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Upholstery fabrics for residential use were obtained from various fabric shops and manufacturers' catalogs. Screening was conducted with four experimental cigarettes of varying design. By the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cotton duck mockup method, two of the cigarettes display "low" ignition propensity and two show "high" ignition propensity. Of the fabrics obtained for this study, 316 smoldered when in contact with at least one of the experimental cigarettes. Further examination within this set of upholstery fabrics showed once again that cigarette ignition propensity ranking are dependent on fabric characteristics. The number of fabrics that showed ignition propensity rankings opposite to the NIST test "ranking" was similar to the number that agreed with it. That is, on the fabrics with rankings opposite to the NIST ranking, cigarettes of "low" ignition propensity by the NIST test showed more ignitions than cigarettes of "high" ignition propensity by the NIST test. These results are consistent with those of a previously published study with a smaller set of ignitable fabrics. Fabric weight was a key factor in determining fabric ignition behavior; two of the cigarettes showed increasing ignition propensity and two showed decreasing ignition propensity with fabric weight. For the majority of fabrics, however, cigarette design was unimportant in determining ignition behavior; that is, no differences in ignition behavior were observed with the different cigarette designs. The physical and chemical properties of the cotton duck fabrics of the NIST test are such that they repre-JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES, VOL.

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Section: Greensboro Nc 27401mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Fabric Procurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Effects of Upholstery Fabric Properties on Fabric Ignitabilities by Smoldering Cigarettes. II

Dwyer

Fournier

Lewis³

et al. 1995

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…Ihrig et al [3] defined the term &dquo;fabric proclivity,&dquo; based on the average smolder times of yarns in a fabric, the term is an excellent predictor of a fabric's ignition potential. Dwyer et al [4] reported that the most ignitable fabrics toward a smoldering-cigarette heat source were 100 percent cellulosic, with weights above 15 oz/yd2, and having a combined sodium and potassium level in excess of 1500 ppm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have concentrated on the role that alkali metal ions play in promoting cigarette-induced ignitions of upholstery fabrics [3][4][5][6]. Ihrig et al [3] defined the term &dquo;fabric proclivity,&dquo; based on the average smolder times of yarns in a fabric, the term is an excellent predictor of a fabric's ignition potential.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions in Cellulosic Smoldering

Ihrig¹

1994

Journal of Fire Sciences

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The process of smoldering plays a key role in the combustion of tobacco products and textiles. Smoldering is strongly influenced by the concentration and nature of ions present in the material.This study provides further evidence that cellulosic smoldering is an ioncatalyzed process. A denim fabric was impregnated with a range of concentrations of salt solutions representing Group 1a and Group 2a elements in combinations with various anions. The smolder-promoting activity of different elements was determined. All group 1a elements are smolder promoters with potassium being the most active and lithium the least active. Calcium and magnesium do not promote smoldering but other group 2a elements such as strontium and barium are smolder promoters. Anions also have a profound effect ranging from strong promotion with hydroxide to total inhibition of smolder with the dihydrogen phosphate ion. Cation concentrations in the neighborhood of 1000 ppm, when in combination with smolder-promoting anions, are all that is necessary to render the tested denim vulnerable to smoldering. Studies at different oxygen concentrations indicate that metal ions promote smoldering by increasing the reactivity of char toward oxygen, resulting in a reduction in the oxygen concentration needed to sustain smoldering.

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Comparison of the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture fabrics and cotton ducks (500-fabric study)? a second opinion

Rhyne¹

1998

Fire Mater.

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In the paper entitled ‘Comparison of the Propensity of Cigarettes to Ignite Upholstered Furniture Fabrics and Cotton Ducks (500‐Fabric Study)’ (Fire Mater. 21, 123–141 (1997)) Marcelo M. Hirschler addresses the validity of a test method, proposed by NIST, for smoldering cigarette ignition propensity of upholstery fabrics. The thrust of the study is to establish similarities ‘between the ignition propensity of cigarettes assessed by (1) a set of 500‐upholstery fabrics (chosen at random among typical upholstery fabrics) and (2) a test method proposed by NIST (NIST 851) and based on “cotton duck” fabrics’. The conclusion of Hirschler's study is that ‘the overall results obtained from the 500‐upholstery fabric study correlate well with those of the “cotton duck” study.’ In addition, the author states that ‘the “cotton duck” can be considered, as a whole, to behave similarly to the majority (estimated at perhaps 80%) of the upholstery fabrics available at the time of the study, and the test is valid’. In an attempt to validate these statements, the ignition patterns generated by the five test cigarettes on each of the 500‐upholstery fabrics were compared with the NIST “cotton duck” pattern. Only 6.6% were found to generate a pattern similar to the NIST pattern and 94% of this group were heavyweight (greater than 14 oz/sq yd.) fabrics. Assessment of the test results fails to substantiate Hirschler's statements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The Effects of Upholstery Fabric Properties on Fabric Ignitabilities by Smoldering Cigarettes

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

The Effects of Upholstery Fabric Properties on Fabric Ignitabilities by Smoldering Cigarettes. II

The Effects of Upholstery Fabric Properties on Fabric Ignitabilities by Smoldering Cigarettes. II

The Role of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions in Cellulosic Smoldering

Comparison of the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture fabrics and cotton ducks (500-fabric study)? a second opinion

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